21. Howard Becker's theory that said it is not the act
that makes one a deviant but the way others react to it was
called:
act-react theory
differential association theory
anomie

Experimental designs are research studies that involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Milgram's research on obedience to authority may be considered a nonexperimental design because it does not involve the manipulation of variables.

Here's why Milgram's research may be considered a nonexperimental design: Milgram's obedience experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting using a predetermined script, meaning the researcher did not manipulate any variables. Rather, the participants were exposed to an authority figure and a series of prompts, which led them to administer electric shocks to a confederate (who was actually not receiving any shocks).

Thus, Milgram's study can be seen as an observational study in which he recorded participants' behavior in response to authority figures.

Another reason why Milgram's research may be considered a nonexperimental design is that the study lacked a control group. A control group is an experimental group that does not receive the treatment of interest.

Milgram's experiment did not have a control group; all participants received the same treatment. This means that it is difficult to determine whether the participants would have obeyed the authority figure without the prompts or whether they would have been disobedient even in the absence of the authority figure.

In summary, Milgram's research on obedience to authority may be considered a nonexperimental design because it lacked the manipulation of variables and a control group, two essential components of experimental design.

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"ELLs and Mathematics" is a comprehensive resource that discusses factors influencing the success of English Language Learners (ELLs) in mathematics, provides examples of language difficulties they may encounter, suggests effective teaching strategies, and offers assessment approaches. It also includes a mini-lesson plan and additional resources for educators.

The resource "ELLs and Mathematics" addresses the unique challenges ELLs face when learning mathematics. It explores factors that can impact their success, such as language barriers, cultural differences, and limited prior knowledge of mathematical concepts. The resource highlights specific language difficulties ELLs may encounter in math, such as understanding mathematical vocabulary, comprehending word problems, and interpreting symbols and diagrams.

To support ELLs in their mathematical learning, the resource offers effective teaching strategies. These strategies include incorporating visual aids, using hands-on manipulatives, providing scaffolding and explicit language instruction, promoting collaboration and communication, and fostering a supportive classroom environment. The resource emphasizes the importance of integrating language development with mathematical content to enhance comprehension and engagement.

Furthermore, the resource provides guidance on assessing ELLs' knowledge of mathematics. It suggests using various assessment methods, such as performance tasks, portfolios, and verbal explanations, to accommodate different language proficiency levels and capture students' understanding beyond language limitations.

To assist educators in implementing the strategies discussed, the resource includes a mini-lesson plan that demonstrates how to integrate language and math instruction effectively. Additionally, it offers a list of additional resources for further exploration and professional development.

"ELLs and Mathematics" is a valuable resource that addresses factors affecting ELLs' success in mathematics, provides examples of language difficulties, presents effective teaching strategies, offers assessment approaches, and includes a mini-lesson plan and supplementary resources for educators working with ELLs in math education.

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Physical, emotional, and social results of good recreation and passive leisure: Good recreation, such as sports, has physical benefits, such as improving cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength.

Emotional benefits include reduced stress, increased self-confidence, and an overall sense of well-being. Furthermore, social benefits include a sense of belonging, team building, and social support. Passive leisure, such as watching movies, can be a great way to unwind and relax, resulting in reduced stress.

In terms of making good use of free time, it is subjective and depends on an individual's priorities and values. A balance between physical activity and passive leisure can help an individual maintain a healthy and happy lifestyle.

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The Kindy Circle does not hold significant meaning in Islamic philosophy as it is not a recognized concept or term within the Islamic tradition.

1. The Kindy Circle refers to a group of Islamic philosophers and scholars who were active during the 9th century in the city of Baghdad. They played a significant role in preserving and translating Greek philosophical works into Arabic, contributing to the development of Islamic philosophy.

2. The Four Noble Truths are fundamental teachings in Buddhism. They state that suffering (dukkha) is inherent in existence, the cause of suffering is craving and attachment (tanha), the cessation of suffering is attainable, and the path to the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path.

3. The Eightfold Path is a set of guidelines or principles in Buddhism that provide a framework for living a wholesome and meaningful life. It consists of eight interconnected practices: Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

By following this path, individuals aim to overcome suffering and attain enlightenment (nirvana).

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Leadership is a skill that allows an individual to guide and influence others to accomplish a common goal. Different types of leadership are Appointed Leader, Democratic leader, Emergent leader, Autocratic leader, Laissez-faire leader.

The leader I admire is my former professor, and his name is John. He possesses a democratic leadership style. John is a leader who includes everyone's perspective and listens to what everyone has to say before making any decisions. He also values everyone's input and makes sure that each member of the team has a role to play. John is a leader who can inspire others to achieve great things through collaboration and teamwork.

John became a leader by earning the respect of his peers and colleagues. John has a natural ability to bring out the best in his team members. He was promoted to a managerial position because of his leadership qualities, his interpersonal skills, and his ability to build strong relationships with others.

As a result, he became a leader who people looked up to and admired.I learned that a good leader always leads by example. John was always willing to lend a helping hand to others and take responsibility when things didn't go as planned.

He taught me the importance of teamwork and collaboration. John's leadership has had a significant impact on my life. His encouragement and support have helped me grow both personally and professionally. He has taught me that the best way to achieve success is to work together as a team.

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1. The multiple tiers of cognitive thinking needed for learning are described by Bloom's taxonomy.

2. Writing to learn is one educational technique I will criticize.

3. Since it fosters an atmosphere of respect between parties, trust is a crucial component of the teacher-student interaction.

4. Being a warm demander means posing constant challenges to your students while still connecting and building relationships with each one of them.

5. Feedback is crucial to the learning process because it gives students the opportunity to receive feedback on their work.

1. Bloom's taxonomy "presents the range of cognitive skills from the most basic "knowledge" level tasks up to the highest level: creating," according to Lumen Learning. Teaching methods should be designed to help students go up the taxonomy, from merely remembering knowledge to analyzing it and finally developing new ideas by connecting a variety of ideas.

2. As stated by Lumen Learning, "writing to learn activities provide an opportunity for students to discover their own thoughts and feelings about something they are beginning to understand and to articulate them to a concrete form" (Lumen Learning).  

This method has been shown to be effective for the learning and development of adolescents because it enables students to interact with the subject matter in a way that is less intimidating than conventional lecture and discussion methods.

3. Building trust with pupils is crucial for teachers because it provides a secure environment for learning and making mistakes. "Trust: an Essential Foundational Component of Learning" states that when trust is the guiding principle of learning, it is simpler for students to take chances and show vulnerability. Trust creates a psychologically safe environment where students can unwind, admit their errors, and start over.

4. As stated in the course materials, "Creating both an emotionally safe, respectful and caring environment, while holding students to high standards of behavior and academic inquiry" is crucial to a warm asker. The socio-emotional and academic needs of the learner are taken into consideration by a friendly demander.

5. Feedback enables them to reflect and proactively develop their skills. According to the readings for the course, "Providing timely, descriptive, actionable feedback is essential because it is how students will learn from their mistakes and improve."

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In the book "Educated" by Tara Westover, the privacy concerns of Tara's parents influenced their decision to live off the grid, resulting in significant impacts on their family and community.

Tara's family belonged to a community that highly valued privacy and harbored deep distrust towards the government. This led them to adopt an isolated lifestyle, deliberately avoiding social interactions and maintaining minimal communication with relatives.

By shunning social media, the internet, and even phones, they aimed to protect themselves from potential government surveillance and intrusion.

Their belief in constant government surveillance fueled their commitment to living a low-profile existence. They firmly believed that any contact with the government could expose them to risks.

Consequently, Tara's family opted for a reclusive lifestyle, intentionally distancing themselves from the community and refraining from engaging in activities that might attract attention.

However, this way of life took a toll on Tara's sense of connection and belonging. Growing up in isolation made it challenging for her to adapt and relate to her peers once she eventually left her family's compound.

The lack of social interaction and limited exposure to mainstream society hindered her ability to assimilate and feel a sense of belonging.

In conclusion, the evolving notions of privacy in the United States, influenced by modern perspectives, significantly impacted Tara's family and their community.

The family's adherence to a low-profile lifestyle stemmed from their distrust of the government. By choosing to live off the grid, avoiding interactions, and maintaining limited communication, they sought to protect their privacy and safeguard against perceived government surveillance.

However, this lifestyle also resulted in isolation and challenges for Tara as she ventured beyond her sheltered upbringing.

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There are several reasons why people distrust the justice system. Some common factors include perceived biases, lack of transparency, instances of corruption or misconduct, unequal treatment, and the perception that the system favors the wealthy and powerful.

Distrust in the justice system stems from various factors that erode public confidence and undermine its perceived fairness and effectiveness. One significant reason is the perception of biases within the system.

People often believe that certain groups, such as racial or ethnic minorities, face discrimination or unequal treatment in the criminal justice process. This perception can arise from disparities in arrest rates, sentencing outcomes, or instances of police misconduct, leading to a loss of trust in the system.

Transparency, or the lack thereof, also plays a role in people's distrust. When processes and decisions within the justice system are opaque or not easily accessible, it can foster skepticism and suspicion. Limited transparency can create doubts about the integrity of judgments and the accountability of those involved.

Instances of corruption or misconduct within the justice system further contribute to distrust. When individuals within law enforcement or judicial positions abuse their power, engage in unethical behavior, or are involved in scandals, it undermines the public's faith in the system's ability to deliver justice fairly.

Moreover, the perception that the justice system favors the wealthy and powerful reinforces mistrust.

People often believe that individuals with more financial resources can secure better legal representation, influence outcomes, or receive more lenient punishments compared to those who are less privileged. This perception of a tilted playing field reinforces the belief that the system is inherently unfair and inaccessible to those without means.

Overall, the reasons behind the distrust in the justice system are multifaceted. They encompass perceived biases, lack of transparency, instances of corruption or misconduct, unequal treatment, and the belief that the system favors the privileged.

Addressing these concerns and working towards a more transparent, equitable, and accountable justice system is essential in rebuilding public trust and ensuring the fair administration of justice.

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Calypso and Circe are indeed portrayed as powerful figures in classical mythology, but they are not necessarily classified as dread goddesses.

Calypso possesses the power of immortality and enchantment, while Circe is a sorceress with the ability to transform individuals. While they do present obstacles for Odysseus to overcome, their roles extend beyond being mere impediments.

Calypso's seductive charm and offer of immortality delay Odysseus's journey, but she also provides him comfort and pleasure during his time on Ogygia. Circe, after transforming Odysseus's men into pigs, becomes a valuable guide and advisor, assisting him in navigating the dangers he faces.

Their roles in the narrative highlight the struggles and temptations Odysseus encounters on his journey, showcasing his resilience and determination. While they pose challenges, they also demonstrate the complexity of Greek mythology and the diverse range of characters within it. Ultimately, Calypso and Circe serve as more than mere obstacles, adding depth and intrigue to Odysseus's epic tale.

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The correct answer is cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is the mental stress or discomfort that a person feels when having to hold two or more contradictory beliefs or values at the same time or when a person's behavior is not in accordance with their beliefs or values.

This is the psychological theory that explains why Fernando is inclined to ignore health reports warning that too much sitting might be detrimental to his health despite his concern about his health and his exercise routine.

Fernando is experiencing cognitive dissonance because he is having two conflicting thoughts: one that he needs to be healthy by exercising, and another that he is sitting most of the time.

Since Fernando has a positive attitude towards exercise and has been doing it for some time, he is likely to look for more health-related articles that discuss the advantages of exercise. As a result, he is inclined to dismiss or overlook health reports that claim sitting for extended periods might have detrimental effects on one's health.

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An "interactionist" would say that what influences why we think, feel, and behave the way we do is a combination of our genetics, brain systems, and biochemistry, as well as our upbringing in our family and culture. They acknowledge the interplay between biological factors and environmental influences, recognizing that both contribute to shaping our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

The interactionist perspective in psychology emphasizes the dynamic interplay between individual characteristics (such as genetics, brain systems, and biochemistry) and environmental factors (such as upbringing, family, and culture) in influencing human behavior. It suggests that neither nature (biological factors) nor nurture (environmental factors) alone can fully explain our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, but rather it is the complex interaction between the two that shapes who we are.

When someone asks about the influences on human cognition and behavior, the interactionist perspective takes into account both the biological and environmental factors. It recognizes that our genetic predispositions, brain functioning, and biochemical processes provide a foundation for our cognitive and emotional functioning. However, it also acknowledges that our experiences, family dynamics, cultural values, and social interactions play a significant role in shaping our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Furthermore, the interactionist perspective highlights the importance of scientific evidence in understanding human behavior. While personal beliefs and subjective experiences are acknowledged, the interactionist perspective emphasizes that objective reality can be tested and validated through scientific methods. It promotes the idea that theories and explanations about human cognition and behavior should be grounded in empirical evidence and subject to rigorous scientific scrutiny.

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1) This argument is invalid as it contains a flaw in the reasoning.

2)This argument is weak as the given statement does not necessarily lead to the conclusion.

Invalid Deductive argument:1) Everyone who is well-educated knows about the existence of the Roman Empire, and John is well-educated. So, John must know something about the Roman Empire.

The above argument is invalid as the given statement is not always true. It is a hasty generalization as it is not necessary that every person who is well-educated will have complete knowledge of the Roman Empire. So, this argument is invalid as it contains a flaw in the reasoning.

Inductive argument:2) Look at the footprints in the mud by the window. We must have a peeping tom. The given argument is weak as it is not necessarily true that the presence of footprints indicates the presence of a peeping tom. It is possible that the footprints might be of someone who accidentally fell on the mud.

Therefore, this argument is weak as the given statement does not necessarily lead to the conclusion.

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If the perpetrator is not part of a police lineup, the victim is likely to experience proactive interference that causes confusion or doubt.

What is proactive interference? Proactive interference happens when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information. This is particularly important in police lineups, where witnesses may be presented with a number of suspects, including the perpetrator. If the perpetrator is not present, witnesses may be more likely to experience proactive interference, which could cause confusion or doubt.

What is a police lineup? A police lineup is a process of identification used in police investigations. Witnesses to a crime are presented with a line of suspects, including the perpetrator, and are asked to identify the suspect that they saw at the time of the crime.The procedure is usually performed in person but can also be done through photos or videos. A suspect is not allowed to wear anything that could help him or her to stand out from the others.

What happens if the perpetrator is not part of a police lineup? If the perpetrator is not part of a police lineup, the victim is likely to experience proactive interference that causes confusion or doubt. This means that the victim may have trouble recalling the perpetrator's face or may mistakenly identify someone else as the perpetrator. This can be problematic for the investigation, as it may lead to the wrong person being accused of a crime.

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Western Religion is the term given to religious practices, beliefs, and cultural systems that originated in the western world, which includes Europe and the Americas. Western religion is typically monotheistic, meaning they believe in a single God, and is characterized by the Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Judaism is considered the oldest of the three Abrahamic religions, and its origin is said to date back to 2000 BCE. Judaism is based on the belief in one God and the belief that God chose the Hebrews as his chosen people. Jewish religious practices include observing the Sabbath, celebrating Passover, and following a strict set of dietary laws.

Christianity emerged from Judaism in the first century and is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christianity teaches that Jesus is the son of God and the Messiah who came to save humanity from sin. The Christian Bible includes the Old and New Testaments, and its followers believe in the Trinity, which means God is three in one: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century, and its followers are known as Muslims. Islam is based on the belief in one God, who is known as Allah, and the followers of Islam believe that Muhammad is the last prophet of God.  Its followers are required to follow the Five Pillars of Islam, which include the declaration of faith, prayer, giving to charity, fasting, and the pilgrimage to Mecca.

Apart from these Abrahamic religions, there are other Western religions such as the Mormon religion, which is a Christian denomination that emerged in the United States in the 19th century. Other Western religions include the Unitarian Universalist, which is a religious movement that originated in the United States, and the Baha'i Faith, which originated in Iran in the 19th century.

In conclusion, Western religion is characterized by the Abrahamic religions, which include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. While each of these religions is distinct, they share the belief in one God and the importance of following religious practices to achieve spiritual fulfillment.

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Utilitarian ethics is the view that an action is right or wrong based on its consequences.

The greatest happiness principle is a central concept in Utilitarian ethics. It states that actions are moral if they promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. The harm principle states that actions are immoral if they cause harm or suffering to others. It is the idea that actions that cause harm to others are wrong, even if they do not break any laws.

The stories that we tell can keep us from recognizing harm and injustice by normalizing oppressive behaviors and systems. These stories can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and prevent us from recognizing and challenging systemic injustices. However, the stories that we tell can also help us see harm and injustice by highlighting the experiences and perspectives of marginalized communities. For example, the #MeToo movement has been instrumental in raising awareness of sexual harassment and assault.

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The main goal of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to promote and facilitate international trade by establishing rules and regulations for trade between nations.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded with several key reasons in mind. Firstly, it aims to create a more stable and predictable environment for international trade, providing a framework for negotiations and resolving disputes. By establishing a rules-based system, the WTO seeks to reduce trade barriers and create a level playing field for all member nations. Secondly, the WTO aims to promote economic growth and development by encouraging fair and open trade practices.

It aims to ensure that developing countries have a voice in global trade negotiations and can benefit from increased market access. Additionally, the WTO strives to promote transparency and coherence in trade policies, fostering trust among member nations and facilitating smoother trade flows. Overall, the founding of the WTO reflects the recognition of the importance of international trade and the need for a multilateral platform to govern and promote it.

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a) The professor adding 3 points to each student's exam score would increase the mean (M) by 3, but it would not affect the standard deviation (SD). b) In the given dataset, the 75th percentile is represented by the raw score (X) of 24.

a) When the professor adds 3 points to each student's exam score, it increases the total score for each student. Since the mean is calculated by summing all the scores and dividing by the number of students, adding 3 points to each score will increase the sum and consequently increase the mean by 3. However, the standard deviation, which measures the spread of the scores around the mean, will not be affected by adding a fixed value to each score. The deviation of each score from the mean remains the same, resulting in an unchanged standard deviation.

b) To calculate the statistics for the given dataset, we have:

n = 10 (number of data points)

Mean (M) = (20 + 22 + 22 + 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 + 24 + 24 + 25) / 10 = 22.7

Median = 23 (the middle value when the data is arranged in ascending order)

Mode = 23 (the most frequent value)

Range = highest value - lowest value = 25 - 20 = 5

Variance = Σ(X - M)² / n = [(20 - 22.7)² + (22 - 22.7)² + ... + (25 - 22.7)²] / 10 ≈ 1.21

Standard Deviation (SD) = √Variance ≈ √1.21 ≈ 1.10

b) To find the raw score (X) located at the 75th percentile, we can calculate the position of the 75th percentile in the dataset. Since the dataset has 10 values, the position of the 75th percentile would be at (75/100) * 10 = 7.5. As we can't have a fraction of a data point, we round up to the next whole number, which is 8. Therefore, the raw score at the 75th percentile is the 8th value in the dataset, which is 24.

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When considering how a program is being put into operation, this is the implementation stage of program development, the correct option is D, which is Program process/implementation.

Program implementation is the stage of program development that begins once the planning and programming stages are complete. In other words, when we put our plan into action, it is referred to as program implementation.On the other hand, The individual who would NOT be considered a potential stakeholder in the early childhood program is a. The director of the program.

The director is an insider of the program and not an external stakeholder. Community businesses that sponsor scholarships for the program, parents of children in the program are potential stakeholders because they are external stakeholders. Hence, option D, which says all of the above individuals are potential stakeholders, is also a valid option. However, since the question is about the individual who is not considered a potential stakeholder in the early childhood program, the answer would be a. The director of the program. Therefore the correct answer is D.

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Online lectures can improve accessibility and flexibility, but can also lead to negative outcomes.

Research on the effects of online lecturing on students' academic performance has yielded varying results. On one hand, online lectures offer several advantages. They provide students with greater accessibility, allowing them to participate in classes from anywhere with an internet connection. Additionally, the flexibility of online learning can accommodate students' diverse schedules and commitments. These factors contribute to improved convenience and convenience, which can positively impact students' overall academic performance.

However, online lecturing also presents challenges that can hinder academic performance. Distractions inherent in the online environment, such as social media, notifications, or other digital temptations, can divert students' attention and impede their ability to concentrate on the lecture material. Moreover, the lack of face-to-face interaction with instructors and peers can lead to reduced engagement and motivation, potentially affecting students' comprehension and retention of the subject matter.

In conclusion, while online lecturing offers benefits in terms of accessibility and flexibility, it also poses challenges that can impact students' academic performance. Mitigating distractions and enhancing student engagement through interactive learning tools and strategies is crucial to optimize the positive effects of online lectures and promoting effective learning outcomes. Additionally, providing support and resources to help students adapt to the online learning environment can contribute to their overall success.

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The developmental improvements in memory strategies and metacognition emphasize the influence of both nature and nurture.

The development of memory strategies and metacognition involves a combination of genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental factors (nurture). Nature plays a role in providing the foundation for cognitive abilities and memory processes through genetic factors that influence brain structure and function. However, the environment also plays a crucial role in shaping memory strategies and metacognition. Children learn from their experiences, social interactions, and educational opportunities, which contribute to the development and refinement of their memory skills and metacognitive abilities. Factors such as parenting styles, educational practices, and cultural influences further shape the development of memory and metacognition. Therefore, it is evident that both nature and nurture interact and contribute to the developmental improvements in memory strategies and metacognition.

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Throughout American history, each new ethnic group arriving in the USA has experienced discrimination due to various factors inherent in the process of cultural assimilation and societal dynamics.

Firstly, the phenomenon can be attributed to fear and resistance to change. When a new ethnic group arrives, it introduces cultural, linguistic, and religious differences that can challenge the existing social order. This unfamiliarity often leads to prejudice and discrimination as people cling to their familiar ways of life and view newcomers as threats to their own cultural identity.

Secondly, economic factors play a role. Immigrant groups are often willing to work for lower wages, which can create competition in the labor market and resentment among native-born workers. This economic competition can fuel discrimination against the newly arrived group as they are seen as taking jobs away from established communities.

Furthermore, historical prejudices and stereotypes also contribute to this pattern. The United States has a history of discriminatory practices against various ethnic groups, such as Native Americans, African Americans, and Asian immigrants. These historical biases can perpetuate a cycle of discrimination against new arrivals as they are perceived through the lens of pre-existing prejudices.

Additionally, the process of assimilation takes time. As new ethnic groups strive to establish themselves in American society, they may face resistance and prejudice until they are fully integrated and accepted.

In summary, the discrimination faced by each new ethnic group arriving in the USA can be attributed to fear of change, economic factors, historical prejudices, and the gradual process of assimilation. Over time, as understanding, acceptance, and cultural integration increase, discrimination tends to decrease, but the pattern has repeated throughout American history.

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Milgram's original obedience experiment demonstrated that the majority of people will obey orders, even if the orders are unreasonable.

The original obedience experiment of Milgram demonstrated that a majority of people will obey orders, even if the orders are unreasonable. The experiment involved one participant acting as the "teacher" and another as the "learner."

The teacher was required to administer electric shocks to the learner if they failed to answer a question correctly. The results of the experiment demonstrated that a majority of participants were willing to administer shocks of increasing severity, even when they believed the shocks could be harmful to the learner.

The participants' willingness to obey authority figures, even when they were asked to do something that went against their conscience, was seen as a significant result.

In the diathesis-stress model, having only diathesis and no stress is called predisposition. In this model, diathesis refers to a predisposition to a particular condition, while stress refers to the factors that contribute to the development of the condition.

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"24. Nixon and Henry Kissinger reestablished diplomatic relations with China, and negotiated such arms control agreements as the ABM Treaty and SALT. This statement is False.

While Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger played key roles in reestablishing diplomatic relations with China, they did not negotiate arms control agreements such as the ABM Treaty and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks). The ABM Treaty was signed between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1972, while SALT I was a series of agreements between the same two countries signed in 1972.

Nixon and Kissinger focused on improving relations with China through their diplomatic efforts, culminating in Nixon's visit to China in 1972. Their foreign policy approach, known as "Nixon's China policy" or "Ping-Pong diplomacy," aimed at normalizing relations and utilizing China as a potential ally against the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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The employee is experiencing mistreatment and discrimination based on gender and race in the workplace, which is negatively impacting their performance and making them contemplate resigning.

The situation described is indicative of a hostile work environment characterized by gender and racial discrimination. Such discrimination not only undermines the employee's self-esteem but also hinders their ability to perform at their best. It is essential for the employee to address this issue and seek resolution within the organization.

The first step is to document instances of mistreatment and gather any evidence to support their claims. The employee should then approach their supervisor or the human resources department to report the discrimination and request intervention. It is crucial for the employee to clearly communicate the impact this mistreatment has on their well-being and work performance.

The organization should conduct a thorough investigation into the matter, ensuring confidentiality and fairness. If the discrimination is substantiated, appropriate disciplinary action should be taken against the offenders. Additionally, the company should implement diversity and inclusion initiatives, sensitivity training, and policies that promote equal treatment and opportunities for all employees.

Resignation should be considered as a last resort if the organization fails to address the issue effectively. Seeking legal advice or contacting external organizations that specialize in workplace discrimination can be options to explore if internal resolution efforts are unsuccessful.

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Freud and Marx hold different views on the question "Who are we."

Sigmund Freud, a prominent figure in psychology, emphasized the influence of unconscious desires, instincts, and childhood experiences on shaping human identity. He believed that the unconscious mind plays a significant role in determining our thoughts, behaviors, and personalities.

Karl Marx, a renowned philosopher and sociologist, focused on the socioeconomic aspects of human identity. He argued that our social class, economic conditions, and relations of production define who we are. Marx believed that our identity is shaped by our relationship to the means of production and the prevailing social structures.

While Freud emphasized the psychological and individual aspects of human identity, Marx focused on the socio-economic and collective aspects. Both perspectives offer distinct insights into understanding human nature and identity, with Freud emphasizing the internal psychological factors and Marx focusing on the external social and economic factors.

In conclusion, Freud's view emphasizes the influence of unconscious desires and experiences on our identity, while Marx's view highlights the significance of socioeconomic factors. Therefore, the main difference between Freud and Marx lies in their emphasis on psychological versus socio-economic factors in shaping human identity.

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The Cogito is a concept coined by René Descartes, which is also known as the "thinking substance." It is an argument that attempts to demonstrate that there are no possible doubts about one's own existence.

The term "Cogito" comes from the Latin phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" or "I think, therefore I am." The Cogito, in this case, is a crucial step in Descartes' philosophy because it establishes a foundation on which to build knowledge that is entirely indisputable.

Descartes' first meditation begins with the declaration that he will reject anything that is not entirely certain. This is how he attempts to avoid the false beliefs that led him astray and ultimately led to the failure of all his previous knowledge. When he arrives at the point of the Cogito, he argues that he cannot be mistaken about his own existence because the mere act of doubting one's existence presupposes that there is something there to do the doubting. Hence, the only possible statement that can be made with absolute certainty is "I exist." It is not only an argument but also an intuition.

Descartes believes that the Cogito is self-evident and that it is impossible to question it. Descartes chose to meditate rather than converse in this philosophical work to ensure that he can be certain that everything he thinks is true because he does not want to accept anything that is not certain. The Cogito is an essential component of his philosophy because it enables him to establish a solid foundation on which to build knowledge that is indisputable. The Cogito is a method of ensuring that our knowledge is based on a firm foundation, and Descartes' choice of meditating rather than dialoging emphasizes this point. It is essential to note that Descartes did not intend the Cogito to be viewed as an intellectual exercise. Instead, he wanted it to be something that readers could understand intuitively.

The Cogito does work for me as it is self-evident. When you think, you must exist. It is impossible to think and not exist. This assertion is so basic that it is difficult to conceive how anyone might dispute it. It is also an intuition because one is intuitively aware of one's existence. As a result, I can state that the Cogito works for me, and I am certain that it is indisputable.

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Jealousy is considered a secondary emotion. Therefore, the jealousy experienced by Selena at her rival's promotion is an example of a secondary emotion.

Jealousy arises from the interaction between primary emotions, such as fear, anger, or sadness, and cognitive processes such as comparison and self-evaluation. In this case, Selena's primary emotions could include feelings of insecurity, disappointment, or frustration regarding her own career advancement.

Jealousy often emerges when someone perceives a threat to their own status, achievements, or resources, and it is commonly triggered in competitive environments like the workplace. While Selena acknowledges her rival's qualifications, the promotion still triggers a sense of envy as she compares her own situation to that of her successful counterpart.

This secondary emotion reflects Selena's complex emotional response to the perceived threat to her own professional goals and aspirations. It is important for Selena to recognize and address her feelings of jealousy in order to navigate her emotions constructively and maintain a healthy work environment.

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In chronological order, the events occurred as follows: King Charles I ruled without Parliament for eleven years, the Petition of Right was issued by Parliament, Parliament formed the New Model Army, the Royalist side was defeated at the Battle of Naseby, and finally, King Charles I was put on trial for treason and executed.

The first event in chronological order was King Charles I ruling without Parliament for eleven years. This period, known as the Personal Rule or the Eleven Years Tyranny, took place from 1629 to 1640. During this time, Charles I dissolved Parliament and governed without their input.

The second event was the issuance of the Petition of Right by Parliament in 1628. The Petition sought to limit the king's powers and protect individual liberties.

Parliament formed the New Model Army in 1645 as a professional and disciplined military force to fight against the Royalist side in the English Civil War.

The Battle of Naseby, where the Royalist side suffered a major defeat, occurred in 1645. Finally, after the conclusion of the Civil War, King Charles I was put on trial for treason by Parliament and executed in 1649.

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During the early part of the twentieth century, the biological disease model of mental problems had significant implications. The correct option is D. Coping skills

It resulted in the belief that mental illness had no physical basis. This perspective considered mental disorders solely as manifestations of biological abnormalities, neglecting psychological and social factors. Consequently, this belief led to stigmatization and marginalization of individuals with mental health issues.

However, it also spurred advancements in research and treatments. eugenics and segregation refers to a dark aspect where misguided notions of "improving" the gene pool and segregating individuals with mental illness were promoted, leading to human rights violations. The correct option is D Coping skills.

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Complete Question:

During the early part of the twentieth century, the biological disease model of mental problems led to which of the following options?

a) more controlled research methods

b) improved treatments

c) eugenics and segregation

d) the belief that mental illness had no physical basis

The moral and religious implications of actions related to the right to die vary depending on individual beliefs and cultural contexts. They often involve ethical considerations related to the sanctity of life, autonomy, suffering, and the role of human beings in making life and death decisions.

The moral and religious implications of the right to die are complex and diverse. Different religious traditions and moral frameworks have varying perspectives on end-of-life decisions. Some religious beliefs emphasize the sanctity of life and view any intentional taking of life, including assisted dying or euthanasia, as morally wrong. These perspectives emphasize the inherent value and dignity of every human life and advocate for the preservation of life even in the face of suffering or illness.

On the other hand, there are religious and moral perspectives that consider the relief of suffering and the respect for individual autonomy as important values. They argue that individuals should have the right to make decisions about their own lives, including the decision to end their lives if they are facing unbearable suffering or terminal illnesses. These perspectives prioritize the reduction of pain and the promotion of individual freedom and personal choice.

The moral and religious implications of such actions are further influenced by cultural and legal frameworks within each society. Some countries have legalized certain forms of assisted dying or have established guidelines and safeguards to regulate end-of-life decisions, while others consider these actions as morally or legally unacceptable.

Overall, the moral and religious implications of actions related to the right to die reflect the complex interplay between ethical principles, religious beliefs, cultural values, and legal considerations. These discussions often involve deep introspection and debates about the nature of life, the value of human agency, and the responsibilities we have towards ourselves and others in the face of suffering and mortality.

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