Answer:
its B. ima keep it short its B
Explanation
a metal tension specimen of initial diameter 0.505 inches fractures at a load of 5,000 lb with a fracture diameter of 0.325 inches. calculate the true stress at fracture
The true stress at fracture is 59,824.28 psi. True stress at fracture can be calculated by first calculating the true strain at fracture. After calculating the true strain at fracture, calculate the true stress using the given value of force at fracture and the cross-sectional area at fracture. Given data:
Diameter of tension specimen = 0.505 inches
Initial diameter of tension specimen = 0.505 inches
Fracture diameter of tension specimen = 0.325 inches
Load at fracture = 5000 lbs
Formula for true strain calculation:
True strain at fracture = ln (initial diameter / fracture diameter)
Formula for true stress calculation:
True stress at fracture = Force at fracture / Area at fracture
Calculation of true strain:
True strain at fracture = ln (initial diameter / fracture diameter)
= ln (0.505/0.325)= 0.4458
Calculation of area at fracture:
The area of the tension specimen is given by the following formula:
Area = π (diameter)2/4
The area at fracture can be calculated using the fracture diameter.
Area at fracture = π (0.325)2/4= 0.08353 sq inches
Calculation of true stress:
True stress at fracture = Force at fracture / Area at fracture
= 5000 / 0.08353= 59,824.28 psi
Therefore, the answer is 59,824.28 psi.
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all of the windings of three phase motors are always wired how?
Three-phase motor windings can be wired in a delta or star configuration. Delta is for high power, star for low. Configuration depends on motor design and operating requirements.
The windings of a three-phase motor can be wired in either a delta or star (also called wye) configuration.
In a delta connection, the windings are connected in a triangle, with each end of a winding connected to the start of the next winding. This type of connection is commonly used for high voltage and high current applications, as it can handle higher power levels than a star connection.
In a star connection, the windings are connected in a Y shape, with one end of each winding connected to a common point called the neutral or star point, and the other ends of the windings connected to the three-phase power supply. This type of connection is typically used for low voltage and low current applications, as it is easier to connect and provides a neutral point for grounding.
The specific configuration used depends on the motor's design, operating requirements, and the power supply available.
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Kelvin contact resistance test structure in Fig. P3. 19, it is usually assumed that the voltmeter has very high input resistance and there is negligible voltage drop along the voltage measurement arm
In the Kelvin contact resistance test structure in Fig. P3.19, it is usually assumed that the voltmeter has very high input resistance and there is negligible voltage drop along the voltage measurement arm.
This assumption is made because the purpose of the Kelvin contact resistance test is to measure the resistance of a contact without including the resistance of the contact leads.To achieve this, the current is passed through the current leads, and the voltage is measured using the voltage leads. However, if the voltage leads have any resistance, this will add to the measured resistance value, making it inaccurate. To avoid this, the Kelvin contact resistance test structure uses two sets of voltage leads, one to carry the current and another to measure the voltage, so that any resistance in the measurement leads is not included in the measured resistance value.By assuming that the voltmeter has very high input resistance and there is negligible voltage drop along the voltage measurement arm, the Kelvin contact resistance test structure ensures that any resistance in the measurement leads is insignificant compared to the resistance of the contact being measured. This allows for accurate measurement of contact resistance and is a common technique used in electrical testing.for more such question on voltage
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Which of the following function declaration is correct for a function that takes a 2D array of ints and returns in int?
int f (int a[][3], int rowSize);
int f (int a[3][], int rowSize);
int f (int a[][], int rowSize, intcolumnSize);
The correct function declaration for a function that takes a 2D array of ints and returns an int is:
int f (int a[][3], int rowSize);
1. The return type is "int", which means the function will return an integer value.
2. The function name is "f".
3. The function takes two parameters: a 2D array of ints (int a[][3]) and an integer value (int rowSize).
4. In the 2D array declaration (int a[][3]), the column size is fixed at 3, while the row size is left unspecified. This allows the function to work with arrays of varying row sizes. The int rowSize parameter provides the actual row size.
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inside my Apt the built in ceiling lights show the "Ripple Effect" what do I do this is a fire hazard also my thermostate ripples.
If the built-in ceiling lights and thermostat in your apartment are showing a ripple effect, this may indicate an issue with your electrical wiring or with the light fixtures and thermostat themselves.
What is the Ripple Effect about?If your built-in ceiling lights are showing a ripple effect and your thermostat is also affected, it could indicate a problem with the electrical wiring in your apartment. This could potentially be a fire hazard and should be addressed immediately.
Here are some steps you can take:
Turn off the power to the affected lights and thermostat by flipping the circuit breaker that controls them. This will prevent any electrical current from flowing through the wiring and reduce the risk of a fire.Contact a licensed electrician to inspect the wiring in your apartment. They can identify any issues with the wiring and make any necessary repairs to ensure your safety.Avoid using the affected lights and thermostat until the issue has been resolved. Using them could potentially cause a fire or other electrical hazards.Therefore, , it is important to take any electrical issues in your apartment seriously and seek professional help to address them promptly.
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is represented by a set of / data fields / variables (also known as properties or attributes) with their current value. it is is called____
In this case, the question is: "is represented by a set of / data fields / variables (also known as properties or attributes) with their current value. it is is called____"
The answer is: An object is represented by a set of data fields or variables (also known as properties or attributes) with their current value. It is called an object.
What is an object?
An object is an instance of a class in object-oriented programming. It is a software bundle of variables and related methods. An object is defined by its class, which determines its attributes (properties or variables) and methods (functions). An object is an instance of a class that has its own identity, state, and behavior.
The state of an object is represented by its attributes, while its behavior is represented by its methods. Therefore, an object is represented by a set of data fields or variables (also known as properties or attributes) with their current value, and it is called an object.
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you were unable to attend all of the training, but your coworker has offered to fill you in on the details that you missed. identify which of the following statements your coworker is likely to indicate as diversity principles discussed during your absence. check all that apply.
The diversity principles include equity, inclusion, diversity, intersectionality, and cultural competency.
However, some common diversity principles that are often discussed include:
Equity: ensuring everyone has access to the same opportunities and resources, regardless of their background or identity. Inclusion: creating a sense of belonging where everyone feels valued, respected, and supported. Diversity: recognizing and embracing differences in race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, ability, and other characteristics. Intersectionality: recognizing that individuals have multiple identities that interact and influence their experiences. Cultural competency: having the knowledge, skills, and awareness to effectively interact with individuals from diverse backgrounds.To learn more about diversity principles:
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Which is a small plain text file that a website might place on your local drive?
Answer:A cookie
Explanation:To track interests.
What type of hazard is electrical equipment?
Electrical equipment can pose several types of hazards, including electrical shock, burns, fires, and explosions.
Electrical shock can occur if a person comes into contact with an electrical current. Even low voltage currents can be dangerous and potentially fatal. Burns can also occur if a person comes into contact with a hot surface, such as a light bulb or a heating element.
Electrical equipment can also start fires if it overheats or if electrical wiring becomes damaged. This can lead to a risk of property damage, injury, or even death.
Explosions can occur if there is a buildup of electrical energy in a confined space, such as a transformer, capacitor, or battery. This can lead to a sudden release of energy that can cause an explosion, resulting in injury or property damage.
To minimize these hazards, it is important to properly install and maintain electrical equipment, follow safety procedures, and provide adequate training for those who use the equipment. Regular inspections, maintenance, and upgrades can help ensure that electrical equipment is in good working order and that potential hazards are identified and addressed.
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explain the relationship between the concrete compressive strength and its flexural strength and splitting tensile strength.
The relationship between the concrete compressive strength and its flexural strength and splitting tensile strength is that; these strengths are interrelated and their values are dependent on one another.
The compressive strength of concrete is defined as the maximum compressive load that can be applied on a test specimen, to fail in compression. It is expressed in MPa or psi. It is one of the most important properties of concrete and is essential in designing a structure because it defines the concrete’s ability to resist compressive stresses.
A flexural strength test is performed on concrete to determine the strength of concrete in resisting bending stresses. In other words, the test determines the ability of the concrete to withstand bending stresses without cracking. A flexural strength test is important in the design of structural elements like beams, slabs, and other such components that are subjected to bending forces.
The splitting tensile strength of concrete is determined by applying a load on a cylindrical or cubical test specimen of concrete. It is the ability of the concrete to withstand tensile forces that tend to split or rupture the test specimen. It is an important property of concrete because it defines the concrete’s ability to resist tension and shear forces.
The relationship between these three strengths of concrete is that they are interrelated and their values are dependent on one another. In general, the compressive strength of concrete is higher than its flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. However, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength are important in determining the overall strength of concrete, and they are used in the design of structural elements like beams, slabs, and other such components.
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the process of breaking the wbs into smaller and smaller deliverables is called: group of answer choices functional design detailed specifications value engineering decomposition
Decomposition is the process of breaking the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) into smaller and smaller deliverables. This process is also sometimes referred to as value engineering or detailed specifications. By decomposing the WBS into smaller pieces, it becomes easier to assign tasks, assign costs, and plan out timelines.
The decomposition process begins by taking the major deliverables of the project and breaking them down into smaller tasks. From there, each task is further broken down into even more specific tasks. This process is repeated until all tasks have been broken down into their smallest components.
The purpose of decomposition is to create a well-defined scope of the project so that it can be managed in an efficient manner. It allows managers to easily identify the resources, cost, and timeline of each task, as well as provide a way to evaluate the progress of each task. It also allows for better control of the overall project.
Decomposition is a critical part of the project management process, as it ensures the project is organized and defined. This ultimately leads to an overall better result for the customer.
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what is an impact, ballistic or creep ripple? what is the length of these ripples relative to their heights? how does this ratio compare to those for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic ripples?
Impact, ballistic, and creep ripples are all types of surface features that can occur on materials subjected to different types of stresses.
Impact ripples are formed when a material is struck by a projectile or another object. Ballistic ripples are similar but are specifically formed by high-velocity projectiles. Creep ripples, on the other hand, are formed when a material is subjected to a constant stress over a long period of time, causing it to slowly deform.
The length of these ripples relative to their heights can vary depending on the specific material and conditions. However, in general, the ripples tend to have a relatively short wavelength compared to their height.
In comparison, aerodynamic and hydrodynamic ripples are formed by the flow of air or water over a surface. These ripples tend to have a much longer wavelength compared to their height, with the length-to-height ratio typically ranging from several to tens of thousands. This is because the fluid flow over the surface is generally much smoother and less abrupt than the stresses that cause impact, ballistic, and creep ripples.
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true or false: since liquid can be considered as incompressible, the volume flow rates into and out of a steady flow device will remain constant.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Since liquid can be considered as incompressible, the volume flow rates into and out of a steady flow device will remain constant. True, For a steady, incompressible flow, since the density is constant, it implies that the total volumetric flow rates entering and leaving a control volume are the same.
Create a function named DD_PROJTOT_SF that determines the total pledge amount for a project. Use the function in an SQL statement that lists all projects, displaying project ID, project name, and project pledge total amount. Format the pledge total to display zero if no pledges have been made so far, and have it show a dollar sign, comma, and two decimal places for dollar values.[Database Tables]
To create a function named DD_PROJTOT_SF that determines the total pledge amount for a project, use the following HTML function:`CREATE FUNCTION DD_PROJTOT_SF(proj_id IN NUMBER)RETURN NUMBER IS total
NUMBER(14,2);BEGINSELECT SUM(amount) INTO total FROM pledge WHERE project_id = proj_id;IF total IS NULL THEN total := 0;END IF;RETURN total; END;`In an SQL statement that lists all projects, displaying project ID, project name, and project pledge total amount, use the following SQL statement:```
SELECT project. project_id, project_name, '$' || TO_CHAR(NVL(DD_PROJTOT_SF(project.project_id),0), '999,999,999,999.99') AS pledge_totalFROM project;```Note: NVL is used to replace the NULL value with 0 when the pledge amount is not available in the table.
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what is the purpose of the ground symbol used in electrical circuit diagrams? group of answer choices to show that there is a return path for the current between the source of electrical energy and the load. to show the source of electrical energy for the load. to show that there is common bus for connection of the source of electrical energy to the load.
Answer:
To show that there is a return path for the current between the source of electrical energy and the load.
assuming that the longest stage of 5-stage pipeline requires 0.6ns, and pipeline register delay is 0.1ns, calculate the clock cycle time of 5-stage pipeline and 10-stage pipeline.
The 10-stage pipeline's clock cycles would take 1.5ns to finish on average, which is 1.5ns longer than the 5-stage pipeline's.
To calculate the clock cycle time of a 5-stage pipeline and a 10-stage pipeline, we need to consider the time required for each stage and the pipeline register delay.
For a 5-stage pipeline with a longest stage of 0.6ns and a pipeline register delay of 0.1ns, the total clock cycle time would be:
Clock cycle time = longest stage time + pipeline register delay = 0.6ns + 0.1ns = 0.7ns
This means that each clock cycle in the pipeline would take 0.7ns to complete.
For a 10-stage pipeline with the same longest stage time and pipeline register delay, the total clock cycle time would be:
Clock cycle time = longest stage time + (pipeline register delay x (number of pipeline stages - 1)) = 0.6ns + (0.1ns x 9) = 1.5ns
This means that each clock cycle in the 10-stage pipeline would take 1.5ns to complete, which is longer than the 5-stage pipeline due to the additional pipeline stages.
It is worth noting that while longer pipelines can potentially increase performance by allowing for higher clock rates, they can also increase the risk of pipeline hazards and decrease overall efficiency due to increased latency and complexity.
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what is the allowance (minimum clearance) between parts if you have a hole with a tolerance of .500 .005 and a shaft with a tolerance of .495 .005?
0.0075 inches should be the bare minimal separation between the shaft and the hole.
To guarantee correct fit and performance of the mechanical assembly, there should be 0.0075 inches of clearance between the hole and shaft.When designing mechanical assemblies, it's important to ensure that there is sufficient clearance between mating parts to avoid interference or binding. The minimum clearance between two parts can be calculated using the maximum material limits (MML) and minimum material limits (mml) of the hole and shaft dimensions.
In this case, the hole has a tolerance of 0.500 ± 0.005 inches, with an MML of 0.505 inches and an mml of 0.495 inches. The shaft has a tolerance of 0.495 ± 0.005 inches, with an MML of 0.500 inches and an mml of 0.490 inches.To determine the minimum clearance between the hole and shaft, we need to use the worst-case scenario, which is the largest hole diameter and the smallest shaft diameter. Therefore, the minimum clearance can be calculated as follows:Minimum clearance = (hole MML - shaft mml) / 2= (0.505 - 0.490) / 2= 0.0075 inches
Therefore, the minimum clearance between the hole and shaft should be 0.0075 inches to ensure proper fit and function of the mechanical assembly.
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it takes 2 hours to charge a cell phone. If the battery is drained during two days of use, compare the power required to charge the phone to the average power the phone uses during the two days
To compare the power required to charge the phone to the average power the phone uses during the two days, we need to make some assumptions about the phone's battery capacity and power usage.
What is the power about?Let's assume that the phone has a battery capacity of 3000 mAh (milliampere-hour) and that its average power usage during the two days is 150 mA. We can use these assumptions to estimate the energy used by the phone during the two days and the energy required to charge the phone.
Energy used during two days = power x time
= 150 mA x 2 days x 24 hours/day
= 7200 mAh
Energy required to charge phone = battery capacity x charging efficiency
= 3000 mAh x 100% (assuming 100% charging efficiency)
= 3000 mAh
Now, we can compare the energy required to charge the phone to the energy used during the two days:
Energy required to charge phone = 3000 mAh
Energy used during two days = 7200 mAh
We can see that the energy used during the two days (7200 mAh) is more than twice the energy required to charge the phone (3000 mAh). This means that the average power usage of the phone during the two days (150 mA) is much lower than the power required to charge the phone (3000 mAh / 2 hours = 1500 mA).
Therefore, This makes sense because the phone's power usage is spread out over a longer period of time, whereas the power required to charge the phone is concentrated in a shorter period of time. Therefore, even though it takes 2 hours to charge the phone, the power required to charge the phone is much higher than the average power the phone uses during the two days of use.
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a 345 kv three-phase line supplies 614 mva at 0.74 pf lagging to a three-phase load which is delta connected. find the magnitude of complex impedance per phase in ohm up to two decimal places. you answered
The magnitude of the complex impedance per phase in ohms is 0.61 ohms (rounded to two decimal places).
To find the complex impedance per phase in ohms, we can use the following formula:
[tex]Z = V^2 / S[/tex]
where:
V = voltage per phase = 345 kV / sqrt(3) = 199.45 kV (assuming a balanced system)
S = apparent power per phase = 614 MVA / 3 = 204.67 MVA (assuming a balanced system)
The real power per phase is given by:
P = S * cos(phi) = 204.67 MW * 0.74 = 151.45 MW
The reactive power per phase is given by:
Q = S * sin(phi) = 204.67 MW * sin(arccos(0.74)) = 113.25 MVAr
The apparent impedance per phase is given by:
|Z| =
[tex]V / \sqrt{3} * \sqrt{(P^2 + Q^2) }/ S \\\\= 199.45 kV / \sqrt{3} * \sqrt{((151.45 MW)^2 + (113.25 MV \ Ar)^2)} / 204.67 MVA[/tex]
|Z| = 0.609 ohms (rounded to two decimal places)
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what is the best additive to use to try to minimize the whinning noise in a 1956 chevy powerglide transmission?
The best additive to use to try to minimize the whining noise in a 1956 Chevy Powerglide transmission is Automatic Transmission Additive.
There are many reasons why Automatic Transmission Additive is the best additive to use to try to minimize the whining noise in a 1956 Chevy Powerglide transmission, including but not limited to:ATFs (automatic transmission fluids) are low viscosity lubricants that are formulated to protect automatic transmissions and provide smooth shifting. ATFs, however, have a variety of drawbacks. For example, they can foam, oxidize, shear, and run too hot, all of which can contribute to transmission noise, slipping, and poor shifting.Automatic transmission additives, on the other hand, have been designed to overcome these limitations by incorporating special friction modifiers, anti-wear agents, and seal conditioners, among other ingredients. These additives can reduce friction and wear in the transmission, which can help to quiet down noise and reduce vibration.
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24. When using grout to fill in the gap between the
concrete and the base plate, be sure to not
Make sure not to overfill the space when using grout to close the gap between the base plate and the concrete because too much grout can eventually put stress on the concrete foundation and cause harm.
Why are foundation plates equipped with grout holes?Additionally, the grout hole will stop air pockets from developing beneath the base plate. If dry pack grout is used or the base plate is less than 600 mm long, such a hole is not deemed essential. When welding the column to the base plate, fillet welds are favoured to butt welds.
What is the bare minimal grout space?Many stone and tile makers advise grout joints to be between 1/8" and 3/16" in size.
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the process of heating a metal after cold working relieves internal stress and decreases dislocation density is known as: g
The process of heating a metal after cold working to relieve internal stress and decrease dislocation density is known as annealing.
Annealing is a heat treatment process used to modify the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material. It is typically used to induce ductility, soften material, improve machinability, and/or help improve cold working properties.
The annealing process requires a recrystallization temperature within a specified time before the cooling process is carried out. The cooling rate depends on the type of metal being annealed. For example, ferrous metals such as steel are usually cooled to room temperature in still air, while copper, silver, and brass are quenched slowly in air or rapidly cooled with water.
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A farmers drainage ditch has a width of 2 m and a depth of 50 cm. It is lined with concrete with a roughness of 0.011 and slopes at 0.0009. Calculate the ditch's discharge rate.
Answer:
Using the Manning's Equation, the discharge rate can be calculated as follows:
Q = (1.49/n) x A x R^(2/3) x S^(1/2)
Where:
Q = discharge rate (m^3/sec)
n = Manning's roughness coefficient (0.011)
A = cross sectional area of the ditch (2m x 0.5m = 1 m^2)
R = hydraulic radius (half the width of the ditch, or 1 m)
S = slope of the ditch (0.0009)
Q = (1.49/0.011) x 1m^2 x 1m^(2/3) x 0.0009^(1/2)
Q = 13,636.36 m^3/sec
a stepped uniaxial br is subjected to forces the length and area of cross sections of the two elements are write thees stiffness matric
A stepped uniaxial bar is subjected to forces. The length and area of cross-sections of the two elements are asked to be written. The stiffness matrix of the given information is to be calculated.
Consider a stepped uniaxial bar subjected to forces as shown in the below diagram. The above bar has two different areas of cross-section and lengths. Hence, the bar can be divided into two elements with different areas and lengths.
Let us consider Element 1:
Here, [tex]l_1[/tex] = Length of element 1
[tex]A_1[/tex] = Area of cross-section of element 1
Let [tex]P_1[/tex] and [tex]P_2[/tex] be the forces applied on Element 1 and Element 2 respectively.
In general, the element stiffness matrix can be written as [tex]k = AE / Le[/tex], where A is the area of the cross-section, E is the modulus of elasticity, and Le is the length of the element.
Let us calculate the stiffness matrix for Element 1. The stiffness matrix of Element 1, [tex]k_1[/tex] is given by:
[tex]k_1 = (A_1E_1 / l_1) * [1, -1; -1, 1][/tex]
Let us consider Element 2:
Here, [tex]l_2[/tex] = Length of element 2
[tex]A_2[/tex] = Area of cross-section of element 2
The stiffness matrix of Element 2, [tex]k_2[/tex] is given by:
[tex]k_2 = (A_2E_2 / l_2) * [1, -1; -1, 1][/tex]
Now, we need to find the stiffness matrix of the complete bar. Let us consider k as the stiffness matrix of the complete bar. Then, [tex]k = [k_1 + k_2][/tex] is the stiffness matrix of the complete bar.
The complete stiffness matrix of the given problem is given by: [tex]k = [A_1E_1/l_1 + A_2E_2/l_2] * [1, -1; -1, 1][/tex]
Hence, the stiffness matrix of the given problem is given by [tex][A_1E_1/l_1 + A_2E_2/l_2] * [1, -1; -1, 1].[/tex]
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A 40 HP motor with a load factor of 75% and an efficiency of 89.3% will be replaced with a 30 HP motor with a load factor of 100% and an efficiency of 93.6%. How many kW of power savings will be obtained from this project?
First, we need to calculate the actual power consumption of the 40 HP motor with a load factor of 75% and an efficiency of 89.3%.
Actual power consumption = Rated power x Load factor / Efficiency
= 40 HP x 0.75 / 0.893
= 33.6 kW
Next, we need to calculate the actual power consumption of the 30 HP motor with a load factor of 100% and an efficiency of 93.6%.
Actual power consumption = Rated power x Load factor / Efficiency
= 30 HP x 1 / 0.936
= 31.9 kW
The power savings from this project can be calculated as the difference between the actual power consumption of the 40 HP motor and the actual power consumption of the 30 HP motor.
Power savings = Actual power consumption of 40 HP motor - Actual power consumption of 30 HP motor
= 33.6 kW - 31.9 kW
= 1.7 kW
Therefore, the project will result in a power savings of 1.7 kW.
true or false. marin factors reduce the strength and stress concentrations factors increase the stress; therefore, they both increase the safety factor.
The given statement is false because Marin factors do not reduce the strength and stress concentrations factors do not increase the stress. Instead, they both reduce the safety factor.
Marin factor is a corrosion factor that takes into account the corrosion of the material of interest. When compared to the yield strength of the material, corrosion usually reduces the yield strength of the material. Because of this, the engineering process must consider the effect of corrosion on the material being used to ensure that it does not become so degraded that it fails prematurely. Hence, the Marin factor increases the safety factor and hence reduces the likelihood of failure.
When there is a change in section or a flaw in a structural member, stress concentration occurs. This is where the stress concentration factor is used. It is used to assess the effect of these conditions on the stress levels that result. The stress concentration factor increases the maximum stress that results in the presence of stress raisers. As a result, it reduces the safety factor and makes it more likely that the structural member will fail prematurely, unlike the Marin factor.
Therefore, the statement is false because the Marin factor reduces the stress and the stress concentration factor increases the stress, and they both reduce the safety factor instead of increasing it.
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in a steady flow process, the change of total energy of the control volume must . multiple choice question. increase decrease remain zero
Answer:
remain zero
Explanation:
in a steady flow process, the change of total energy of the control volume must remain zero.
what is the purpose of a cnc machining center? machining centers enable a single machine to tolinmg u
CNC machining equipment allows companies to manufacture complex parts with a user-friendly, single-setup machining process. This structure offers significant productivity advantages — cutting labor costs, increasing part quality, and reducing work time.
for a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 10-h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.45 wt% at a point 2.5 mm from the surface. estimate the time necessary to achieve
That reaching the desired carbon concentration at a depth of 2.5 mm may take several hours or even days.
To estimate the time necessary to achieve a certain carbon concentration at a specific depth in a steel alloy using a carburizing heat treatment, we need to consider the diffusion of carbon atoms into the material.
The time required for diffusion depends on several factors, including the temperature of the heat treatment, the carbon concentration gradient, and the diffusivity of carbon in the steel alloy. Assuming that the carbon concentration gradient remains constant and that the temperature of the heat treatment remains the same, we can use Fick's Second Law of Diffusion to estimate the time required to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.45 wt% at a depth of 2.5 mm from the surface.
Without knowing the specific alloy or the temperature of the heat treatment, it is difficult to provide a precise estimate. However, we can use typical diffusivity values for carbon in steel alloys and estimate that it may take several hours or even days to achieve the desired carbon concentration at a depth of 2.5 mm.In practice, the exact time required for a carburizing heat treatment will depend on several factors, including the specific alloy, the temperature and duration of the heat treatment, the carbon source, and the desired carbon concentration profile. It is important to carefully control these variables to achieve the desired properties and performance of the material.
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the equation used to determine the approximate amount of of critical stress to propagate a crack is known as the friffith equation the griffith equation is
The Griffith equation is used to calculate the approximate amount of critical stress necessary to propagate a crack. The formula for the equation is K = √(πE/2Y), where E is Young's modulus, and Y is the geometrical factor, which depends on the shape of the crack.
The equation is based on the energy release rate for crack propagation and was developed by A.A. Griffith in 1921. The equation is used to calculate the stress intensity factor (K) for a crack in an elastic material.
The Griffith equation is important for engineers as it can be used to estimate how much stress a material can withstand before it will fracture. This is important when designing components or structures that will be subject to loading or fatigue. Additionally, the equation can be used to calculate the stress concentration factor (Kt) at a point of crack initiation.
In conclusion, the Griffith equation is an important equation used to calculate the approximate amount of critical stress necessary to propagate a crack. This equation can be used by engineers to ensure that their designs are able to withstand the expected loads, as well as calculate stress concentration factors.
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