4. evaluate if mendel had examined only one trait, do you think he would have developed the law of segregation? explain.

Calvin and Benson provided 14CO2 to the chlorella cells in their classical experiments to study the process of carbon fixation in photosynthesis. The radioactive isotope 14C was used to label carbon dioxide because it emits detectable radiation that could be measured to track the fate of carbon in the cell.

The experiment involved exposing the chlorella cells to 14CO2 and then analyzing the radioactivity of different cellular molecules to track the pathway of carbon assimilation. The experiment provided important insights into the mechanism of carbon fixation, leading to the discovery of the Calvin-Benson cycle, a series of chemical reactions that convert CO2 into organic molecules.

Overall, by using 14CO2, Calvin and Benson were able to trace the path of carbon fixation in photosynthesis and gain a better understanding of the fundamental processes of photosynthesis that are essential for life on Earth.

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Cardiolipin is known for playing an important role in facilitating the activity of proteins involved in ATP synthesis.

Lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They comprise fats, oils, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. Fatty acids are the basic building units of most lipids.The most important lipids in facilitating the activity of proteins involved in ATP synthesis are cardiolipins (CLs). They are unique phospholipids that are structurally and functionally essential for several bacterial, mitochondrial, and eukaryotic cellular functions.CLs are primarily involved in the proper folding, assembly, and activity of enzymes, especially ATP synthases, which are the molecular machines that produce ATP in all living cells. CLs are required for the stability of these enzymes and their association with other mitochondrial inner membrane proteins.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that serves as the universal energy currency in living cells. It's a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. ATP is synthesized during cellular respiration through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells or during photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

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Answer: True

Explanation:

Answer:

True

Explanation: The lining is highly folded to form microscopic finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area to help with absorption.

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One would want to insert recombinant DNA back into a bacteria cell to produce quantities of proteins coded for by the recombinant DNA. The correct option is (C).

Recombinant DNA is a term that refers to the DNA that has been formed by joining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together in nature. This term can also be applied to a molecule that has been changed by recombining pieces of DNA in a way that does not occur naturally.

Bacteria cells are single-celled microorganisms that are found everywhere, including soil, water, and living organisms. They are the smallest and most basic type of living organisms known to science. To produce quantities of proteins coded for by the recombinant DNA is the purpose of inserting recombinant DNA back into a bacteria cell.

This is because bacteria are one of the simplest living organisms, and they are easy to grow and maintain in the laboratory. Therefore, recombinant DNA technology is used to produce large quantities of specific proteins using bacteria as a host.

The recombinant DNA contains a gene that codes for a specific protein, which is then inserted into the bacteria cell. The bacteria cell then produces the protein, which can be purified and used for various applications. The correct option is (C).

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The sensor that allows you to observe the electrical activity of a muscle is the EMG sensor.

An EMG sensor is an instrument that measures electrical activity in the muscles.

The electrical activity is generated when the muscle contracts, and it can be recorded using surface electrodes that are attached to the skin overlying the muscle or through needles that are inserted into the muscle.

The EMG signal provides valuable information about muscle function, such as the strength of muscle contractions, the timing of muscle activity, and the coordination of muscle groups.

EMG stands for electromyography, which is the study of muscle electrical activity. This technique is used in a wide range of applications, such as diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, assessing muscle function in athletes, monitoring rehabilitation progress in patients recovering from injury, and researching the biomechanics of movement.

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Based on the foods and food groups discussed in the video, the food that would not be a source of protein is bananas. Bananas are a source of vitamins and minerals, but not protein.


Protein is essential for a variety of functions in the body, including the growth, repair, and maintenance of muscle and other tissues. Sources of protein can be classified as animal sources (such as dairy, eggs, and meat) and plant sources (such as beans, nuts, and seeds). Protein is primarily found in animal products such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products, as well as in plant-based sources such as beans, lentils, nuts, and seeds. Yogurt, shredded cheese, brown rice, and lobster are all sources of protein, with yogurt and shredded cheese being good sources of protein from dairy, brown rice being a plant-based source of protein, and lobster being a source of protein from seafood.

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In humans, there would be no Barr bodies in individuals with the following abnormal compositions of sex chromosomes: a. xxy, b. xyy, and d. x0 (a person with just a single X chromosome).

However, for individuals with the abnormal composition of sex chromosome c. xxx, there would be one Barr body.

The Barr body is an inactivated X chromosome that is found in cells of female organisms. This process of inactivation occurs during the early stages of embryonic development, so that the two X chromosomes found in female organisms are not expressed.

In individuals with two X chromosomes, one of the chromosomes is inactivated and becomes the Barr body. Since individuals with the abnormal composition c. xxx have three X chromosomes, one of the X chromosomes is inactivated and becomes the Barr body.

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Answer:

Increased CO2 and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity

The correct statement about factors affecting the state of contraction of vascular circular smooth muscle is that increased [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity.

Thus, the correct answer is increased [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity (C).

Vаsculаr smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) constitute the mаjor cells in the mediа lаyer of аrteries, аnd аre criticаl to mаintаin the integrity of the аrteriаl wаll. They pаrticipаte in аrteriаl wаll remodeling, аnd plаy importаnt roles in аtherosclerosis throughout аll stаges of the diseаse.

Vаsculаr smooth muscle (VSM) contrаction is initiаted by аn increаse in intrаcellulаr [tex]Ca_{2} ^{+}[/tex] viа influx through plаsmа membrаne ion chаnnels or releаse from the sаrcoplаsmic reticulum. Once in the cytoplаsm,  [tex]Ca_{2} ^{+}[/tex] binds with cаlmodulin in order to аctivаte myosin light chаin (MLC) kinаse.

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were

A. increased ANP causes an increase in myosin kinase activity.

B. Decreased histamine causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity.

C. Increased [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity.

D. Increased antidiuretic hormone causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity

Thus, the correct option is C.

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In regards to plants and animals,Options 1, 2, 3, and 5 are true statements regarding fiber.

Fiber, also known as dietary fiber or roughage, is a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested or absorbed by the human body. It is found in plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.

Fiber can be classified into two main types:

The following statements are true regarding fiber:

Therefore, options 1, 2, 3, and 5 are true statements regarding fiber. Option 4, which states that fiber is the storage form of carbohydrate in plants, is false.

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Chromosome structure can be altered in several ways such as deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. These alterations of chromosome structure are called chromosomal aberrations.

They may cause serious genetic disorders and congenital abnormalities that may be harmful to an individual or even fatal. Here's a detailed explanation of each:

a. Deletion
Deletion is the loss of a chromosomal segment. In this case, a portion of the chromosome is missing, resulting in a gene loss. Chromosomal deletions can have severe consequences, depending on the gene missing.

b. Duplication
Duplication is the opposite of deletion. This is when a segment of the chromosome is repeated, resulting in an extra copy of a specific gene. This can lead to various genetic disorders.

c. Inversion
Inversion happens when a segment of the chromosome is turned 180 degrees. The inverted segment is reversed, resulting in genes changing their order. This can lead to certain genetic disorders.

d. Translocation
Translocation is when a segment of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome. This can result in the expression of the gene of one chromosome under the regulatory elements of another chromosome, leading to serious genetic disorders.

In conclusion, chromosome structure can be altered in several ways: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. These chromosomal aberrations may result in severe genetic disorders and congenital abnormalities that may be harmful to an individual or even fatal.

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Petrochemicals are derived from petroleum, which is a naturally occurring liquid found in underground reservoirs.

Petroleum is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, which are molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons can be further broken down into various products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and petrochemicals. Petrochemicals are derived from petroleum by distillation, a process in which petroleum is heated to separate the different components. These components are then combined in various ways to create useful products, such as plastics, synthetic fibers, detergents, and fertilizers.

None of the other answer choices are valid sources for petrochemicals. Seawater, trees, and atmosphere contain no hydrocarbons and therefore cannot be used to make petrochemicals.

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A key event that determines reproductive success involves members of one sex choosing their mates from among the opposite sex, and is termed intersexual selection.

Intersexual selection is a type of natural selection in which one sex picks certain traits in the opposite sex that make them a better mate. The term "intersexual" refers to the fact that selection occurs between members of different sexes, as opposed to "intrasexual" selection, which occurs between members of the same sex, typically for access to mates.

In essence, intersexual selection leads to the evolution of traits that make an individual more attractive to the opposite sex, and these traits may be physical (such as brightly colored feathers or impressive horns) or behavioral (such as elaborate courtship rituals).In addition to physical and behavioral characteristics, intersexual selection can also lead to the evolution of social structures in many species.

Intersexual selection is an important mechanism of evolution because it allows for the development of traits that are beneficial for reproduction. By selecting the most attractive or desirable mates, individuals can increase their chances of passing on their genes to the next generation.

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It is critical to take the required precautions in order to reduce the risk of postoperative infections. It is essential to maintain a sterile environment and to ensure that instruments are not reused after being used on one patient

All of the following can contribute to postoperative infections, including using syringes more than once, errors in aseptic technique, normal microbiota on the operating room staff, and antibiotic resistance. There is a potential for postoperative infections after surgery, which can occur due to a variety of factors. Some of these factors include the reuse of syringes, errors in aseptic technique, normal microbiota on the operating room staff, and antibiotic resistance.

Therefore, it is critical to take the required precautions in order to reduce the risk of postoperative infections. It is essential to maintain a sterile environment and to ensure that instruments are not reused after being used on one patient. Additionally, personnel in the operating room should take the necessary precautions to prevent the spread of infection, such as wearing gloves and surgical masks. In conclusion, postoperative infections can be caused by a variety of factors, and it is essential to take the required precautions to minimize the risk of infection.

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RNA-seq and DNA microarrays are important technologies in the study of proteomics, gene expression, genome sequence, and mutagenesis. RNA-seq is a powerful technique for measuring gene expression. It uses RNA sequencing to identify and quantify the expression levels of genes in a sample. DNA microarrays use fluorescent tags to measure gene expression levels across the entire genome.
To start using either of these technologies, scientists need to prepare samples of nucleic acid from their research organism and obtain the appropriate reagents. After that, they will need to design the experiment, based on what they want to measure. Finally, they can run the experiment and analyze the data to gain insight into their research.

Overall, RNA-seq and DNA microarrays are important tools in the field of genomics and allow researchers to gain a better understanding of gene expression, genome sequence, and proteomics. By combining data from these two technologies, scientists can gain a greater insight into their research. For more similar questions on proteomics, gene expression, genome sequence, and mutagenesis, please use the hashtag

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The following succinct description of each HIV viral component's roles: Viral entry and egress from host cells are facilitated by the envelope and glycoproteins. The matrix protein binds the envelope to the core.

The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins facilitate the fusing of the viral and cellular membranes upon entrance, which is a crucial step in the virus replication cycle.

HIV preys on the immune system and weakens people's resilience to a range of diseases and malignancies that healthy immune systems are better prepared to fight.

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The correct answer is "b. water moves freely across the cell membrane."

Water molecules are able to move freely across the cell membrane by a process known as simple diffusion. This is because water molecules are small enough to pass through the cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer. As the water molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, they help to balance the concentration gradient across the cell membrane. Additionally, water molecules are able to move through specialized protein channels, such as aquaporins, that are embedded in the cell membrane.
Electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, and potassium, cannot move freely across the cell membrane. Instead, they require the help of specific proteins known as ion pumps to move across the cell membrane. Therefore, statement "c. electrolytes move freely across the cell membrane" is false.
Therefore, the correct answer is "b. water moves freely across the cell membrane."

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Point mutations occur when a single nucleotide is changed in a DNA sequence. These mutations come in several different physical and structural forms.

The most common point mutation is the substitution of one nucleotide for another. A substitution of this type can be a silent mutation, meaning the change does not result in an amino acid change in the protein that is translated from the DNA sequence. Point mutations also occur through insertions or deletions of a single nucleotide, these mutations are often referred to as frameshift mutations, because the insertion or deletion causes a shift in the reading frame of the DNA sequence. This shift results in a completely different amino acid sequence than what would have been translated from the original sequence.

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The amino acid sequence formed by a section of a DNA molecule will be Phenylalanine-Leucine-Glycine.

The DNA code is translated into an amino acid sequence that forms a protein. This sequence is determined by the arrangement of nucleotides in a DNA molecule's sequence.

The first step in determining the amino acid sequence determined by a DNA sequence is to translate the DNA code into RNA. This process is known as transcription. The sequence a-a-g-g-a-t-c-c-g becomes U-U-C-C-U-A-G-G-C in RNA. Once the RNA sequence has been determined, it can be translated into an amino acid sequence using a codon chart.

The codon chart shows the three-letter combinations of nucleotides (codons) that code for specific amino acids. For example, the codon UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine, while the codon UCA codes for the amino acid serine.

Using the codon chart, we can determine the most likely amino acid sequence for the RNA sequence U-U-C-C-U-A-G-G-C. Here's how:

U-U-C: Phenylalanine

C-U-A: Leucine

G-G-C: Glycine

The final amino acid sequence would be Phenylalanine-Leucine-Glycine or FLG for short.

In conclusion, the most likely amino acid sequence to be determined by a section of a DNA molecule with the base sequence a-a-g-g-a-t-c-c-g is Phenylalanine-Leucine-Glycine (FLG).

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The mutation that would be most likely to produce S. pombe cells that are elongated and which require a long time to complete mitosis is the mutation that abolishes wee1 activity.

When the function of wee1 kinase is removed, the cell cycle is pushed forward, and cells take a longer time to complete mitosis because the cells spend more time in the G2 phase. During the S phase of the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs, which means that each chromosome produces two identical copies. Afterward, the cell goes through the G2 phase, during which the spindle formation is monitored, the cell ensures that each chromosome's DNA is replicated, and the chromatin is further condensed. This G2 phase ensures that the cell is ready to enter mitosis after G2 phase.

Finally, the cell enters the mitotic phase or M phase, during which the chromosomes are divided into daughter cells. So, a mutation that abolishes wee1 activity is most likely to produce S. pombe cells that are elongated and which require a long time to complete mitosis.

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The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called photosynthesis.


Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. The glucose molecules then provide a source of energy for the plant.

Photosynthesis is a two-step process. In the first step, energy from light is absorbed and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich organic molecules (sugars) and oxygen. In the second step, the energy stored in these molecules is used to create the chemical energy needed for the plant to grow and reproduce.

The process of photosynthesis can be described in more detail by the equation:

6CO_2 + 6H_2O --> C_6H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2

This equation can be broken down into two parts: the light-dependent reaction and the light-independent reaction. The light-dependent reaction uses energy from light to convert water and carbon dioxide into energy-rich compounds. The light-independent reaction uses the energy from the compounds created in the light-dependent reaction to produce sugars and other molecules needed for growth and reproduction.

In summary, photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds, which provide the energy needed for the plant to grow and reproduce.

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The environmental variables, such as temperature, humidity, light, and soil quality, should be kept constant throughout the experiment in addition to using identical young plants.

The dependent variable that responds to a change in the independent variable is plant height. As each plant receives the same quantity of sunshine, sunlight is the controlling factor.

At the start of the experiment, the plants are all the same size, receive the same amount of sunshine, experience the same ambient temperature, and are in the same amount and consistency of soil, which are the controlled variables (or constants).

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When chylomicrons are too big to enter capillaries, they can be deposited into the bloodstream by the lymphatic system because Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system in the small intestine, which then transports them to the thoracic duct, where they enter the bloodstream.

For example, are absorbed by the lymphatic system and transported to the bloodstream by the thoracic duct as a result of this property.

Chylomicrons are the largest of the lipoprotein classes, with diameters of 75–1200 nm. They are found in the blood and lymphatic fluid and are made up of fats known as triglycerides, as well as small amounts of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein.

They are formed in the small intestine, where dietary lipids are absorbed by the enterocytes and incorporated into chylomicrons. These particles are then released from the enterocytes and enter the lymphatic system, where they are transported to the bloodstream by the thoracic duct.

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The ATP synthase protein complex in mammalian cells is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

The ATP synthase protein complex is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in mammalian cells. The inner mitochondrial membrane is where most of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur, which is the final stage of aerobic respiration. ATP synthase is an integral protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This protein uses energy from a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to synthesize ATP.The ATP synthase protein complex is responsible for producing ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells.

It does this by harnessing the energy released during the electron transport chain to pump protons out of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which is used to power the ATP synthase protein complex, causing it to produce ATP. Therefore, the ATP synthase protein complex is essential for the production of ATP in mammalian cells.

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If the woman is homozygous then no offspring will be colorblind and if the woman is heterozygous then there are 50% chance of their male offspring being colorblind.

If the woman is not colorblind, it is unlikely that any of their male offspring will be colorblind because colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait, and the woman must inherit two recessive genes (one from each parent) to be colorblind.

If the woman is heterozygous for colorblindness, there is a 50% chance that their male offspring will be colorblind as she can pass on one dominant gene which might result in colorblindness in the offspring.

Therefore, if a man and a woman who are not colorblind meet and have children, it is unlikely that any of their male offspring will be colorblind if the woman’s mother is colorblind. If the woman is heterozygous for colorblindness, there is a 50% chance that their male offspring will be colorblind.

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A homozygous recessive allele is the one that causes the disease. Let's write "d" for the disease-causing allele and "D" for the healthy allele.

The trait must be possessed by one of the parents in order to be dominant. No generation will be exempt from prevailing traits. As long as both parents are heterozygous, a recessive characteristic can exist even if neither parent possesses it.

Autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance patterns are used to describe recessive genes. Disease may manifest if there are two copies of the faulty gene. Yet, a dominant hereditary condition results if only one faulty gene is required to cause the disease.

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When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is: Chemical messenger.

The hormone itself is a chemical messenger that is released by endocrine glands in the body and travels through the bloodstream to other organs or cells in the body. Water-soluble hormones are hormones that are soluble in water, meaning they can travel through the bloodstream to their target cells.

When these water-soluble hormones reach their target cells, they bind to hormone proteins and initiate cellular responses that can lead to cell growth, changes in gene expression, and other changes within the cell.

In short, when the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is the chemical messenger that binds to receptor proteins in the target cells, leading to a variety of changes within the cell.

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The induction of autoimmunity mechanism is often indistinguishable from WAIHA. It is theorized that certain drugs can interfere with suppressor T-cell function.

T-cells, also known as T-lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. T-cells are responsible for recognizing and targeting specific foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria, and mounting an immune response against them. T-cells also play an important role in regulating the immune response, ensuring that it does not overreact and cause damage to healthy tissues.

T-cells are activated when they come into contact with a foreign substance, such as a pathogen. Once activated, they divide rapidly and differentiate into effector T-cells, which can directly attack the pathogen, and memory T-cells, which can quickly recognize and respond to the same pathogen if encountered again in the future.

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Complete Question:

Which mechanism of drug-induced hemolytic anemia closely resembles a warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA) as it has identical serological presentation.

Smooth muscle tissue is responsible for contracting muscles in large veins that help increase blood pressure. When smooth muscles in the large veins contract, it causes the blood to flow back to the heart, which in turn increases blood pressure.

Smooth muscle tissue is responsible for controlling involuntary movements, such as the involuntary contractions that occur in the stomach, intestines, and bladder. Smooth muscles are called this because they are devoid of the striations that are common in other types of muscle tissues, such as cardiac or skeletal muscles. Their cells are spindle-shaped, contain a single, centrally-located nucleus, and are elongated.

Smooth muscle cells have the ability to divide and regenerate after injury, unlike skeletal muscle cells. However, they can't contract as quickly or strongly as skeletal muscles do, and they don't need as much energy to function as the other two types of muscle cells.

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The events in which telomerase maintains chromosomal ends during replication are arranged as follows:

1. The RNA component of telomerase binds to a complementary sequence on the 3' G overhang of DNA.

2. Additional nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the DNA.

3. Telomerase moves along the newly synthesized DNA strand toward the 3' end.

4. Nucleotides that are complementary to the RNA component of telomerase are added to the 3 end of the DNA.

5. Synthesis occurs on the 5' end of the complementary strand of DNA to fill the gap created by telomerase.

6. Synthesis occurs on the 3' end of the complementary strand of DNA to fill the gap created by telomerase.

7. Telomerase is removed from the DNA strand entirely.

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