A sedimentary basin which appears when a continent is stretched, causing down-dropped crustal blocks bordered by faults and mountains, is called a rift basin. Therefore the correct option is option A.
A sedimentary basin is a geological basin that has formed from sediment accumulation caused by erosion or sediment deposition. Sedimentary basins occur in the Earth's crust, and they are most commonly formed by tectonic activity.
They also develop as a result of the Earth's thermal evolution, such as in the rift basins that develop on divergent plate boundaries. A rift basin is a type of sedimentary basin that forms when continental crust is stretched and thinning. It is a depressed region of the crust in the form of a valley bounded by fault lines that have uplifted peaks.
Rift basins are formed when the Earth's crust is pulled apart or thinned, resulting in a vertical drop. The depression is filled with sediments that have been eroded from the surrounding mountains, which build up to form thick layers of sediment that cover the basin's floor. Therefore the correct option is option A.
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which of the following are foliated intermediate- or high-grade metamorphic rocks that would form in the setting in part 1? choose one or more: a. phyllite b. schist c. marble d. slate e. gneiss f. hornfels
In the environment, foliated intermediate- to high-grade metamorphic rocks called gneiss would form.
Which of the above is a foliated rock of high or intermediate metamorphic grade?Slate, phyllite, schist, & gneiss are the several types or foliated metamorphic rocks, ordered by of the grade or severity of metamorphic rocks and the type of foliation.
Metamorphic rocks of intermediate grade also contain garnet and mica. At 800 degrees Celsius, high grade metamorphic stones develop in regions that are so hot they virtually melt. Sillimanite, a mineral that is commonly found inside the rock gneiss, is one that develops in this extreme heat.
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the flow that is more dilute, less-dense, and fast moving and has more steam and less pyroclastic material is called a pyroclastic
Pyroclastic flow is a highly hazardous volcanic phenomenon that refers to the super-hot, fast-moving, and highly energetic mixture of ash, gases, and rocks that flow down the slopes of volcanoes.
What is a pyroclastic flow?
A pyroclastic flow is a highly destructive volcanic process characterized by a fast-moving and highly dense current of rock debris, ash, and hot gases that flow down the slopes of an erupting volcano, generally following the path of least resistance.
The rock debris is typically made up of lava, tephra, and rock fragments, which are ground to fine particles by the volcanic activity. Pyroclastic flows may also contain gas bubbles, which make them highly explosive, and can reach temperatures of over 1,000 degrees Celsius.
In addition, they can also travel up to speeds of over 700 kilometers per hour and can spread for hundreds of kilometers from the volcano. The flow that is more dilute, less dense, and fast-moving and has more steam and less pyroclastic material is called a pyroclastic surge.
Pyroclastic surges are usually less destructive than pyroclastic flows, but they can still be hazardous to nearby populations.
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along a curving road cut, two different apparent dips on the same contact between a limestone bed and a shale bed were measured. the first was 42, n30w and the second was 58, s70w. what is the strike and dip of the contact?
The strike of the contract is 130° and dip of the contact is 67.7°.
A geologic map is a type of map that shows the distribution of different types of rocks, minerals, and other geological features on the Earth's surface. It is used by geologists to study and understand the structure and history of the Earth's crust.
To find the strike and dip of the contact between the limestone and shale beds, we can use the following method:
Find the trend of each of the two measurements by subtracting the plunge direction (given as a compass direction) from either 360 degrees or 180 degrees, depending on the hemisphere. In this case, both measurements have different hemispheres, so we need to adjust accordingly:Therefore, the strike of the contact is 130° and the dip is -39.8° or 67.7°, depending on which measurement is used.
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Match the seismic hazard with the correct definition.
Tsunami, subsidence, liquefaction, and seiche
1.) Rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes and enclosed basins
2.) Seismic energy transforms stable soil into mobile material incapable of supporting buildings
3.) Collapse and lowering of the land surface
4.) Large ocean waves generated.
The seismic hazard with the correct definition would be a seismic hazard is a seismic occurrence that may cause injury, loss of life, or property damage. The seismic hazards listed below are classified based on the type of event and its impact on the environment, infrastructure, and population.
Tsunami is a large ocean wave generated. Subsidence is the collapse and lowering of the land surface. Liquefaction refers to seismic energy that transforms stable soil into mobile material incapable of supporting buildings. Seiche is the rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes and enclosed basins.Seismic hazard is an inevitable part of living on our planet, particularly in areas where seismic activity is more prevalent.
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which of the following features of sedimentary rocks is not a sedimentary structure? mud cracks graded bedding stratification lithology (rock type) ripples
Lithology (rock type) is not a sedimentary structure. Therefore the correct option is option C,
Sedimentary rocks are often seen with sedimentary structures. These are features in sedimentary rocks that are distinctive from primary sedimentary layers.
The rocks’ structure is a result of sedimentary processes such as deposition and the transportation of sedimentary grains. Sedimentary rocks are those that have been formed through sedimentation and consolidation of mineral and organic particles.
Sedimentary structures are used to classify sedimentary rocks. In comparison to primary sedimentary layers, these features have distinctive characteristics. Sedimentary structures include cross-bedding, graded bedding, mud cracks, ripple marks, and more.
Sedimentary structures, on the other hand, relate to the features seen within sedimentary rocks that result from sedimentation and consolidation of mineral and organic particles. Therefore the correct option is option C,
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which of the following features of sedimentary rocks is not a sedimentary structure?
mud cracks graded bedding stratification lithology (rock type) ripplesDescribe the cloud cover and temperature conditions that exists over the plateau during the occurance of berg winds= conditions
These berg winds are for the most part proof during the months of April to August, their recurrence during this period being around eight days out of every month.
These high temperatures are joined by the peculiarity of Berg winds-hot, dry breezes blowing from the heading of the inside. These Berg winds happen predominantly from April to September and are most successive on the west shoreline of South Africa, where they happen roughly fifty times each year.
A hot, dry, blustery breeze brushes off the inside level of South Africa, generally at the right points to the coast; a kind of foehn. Berg winds blow for the most part in winter, when a solid anticyclone possesses the inside level, delivering outpouring across the beachfront districts of South Africa.
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LICs receive more income when wealthy people from HICs want to visit their unspoiled natural landscape and culture. What is this called?
LICs receive more income when wealthy people from HICs want to visit their unspoiled natural landscape and culture is called tourism.
What is tourism?Tourism refers to the activity of people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes. It involves the visiting of new places, experiencing different cultures and traditions, and engaging in various recreational activities.
When wealthy people from high-income countries (HICs) visit low-income countries (LICs) to experience their unspoiled natural landscape and culture, it can generate significant income for the LICs through the tourism industry. This can include revenue from activities such as lodging, transportation, food and beverages, and various attractions and experiences.
The phenomenon you are referring to is called tourism.
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What are the similarities and differences between the physical map of North American and the Caribbean?
Explanation:
Similarities:
Both North America and the Caribbean are located in the western hemisphere.
Both regions have a mix of coastal plains, mountains, and plateaus.
Both regions have numerous rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water.
Both regions are prone to natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
Differences:
Size: North America is much larger than the Caribbean, which is a relatively small region of islands and coastal areas.
Landforms: North America has a much wider variety of landforms than the Caribbean, including vast prairies, deserts, and the massive Rocky Mountains. The Caribbean, on the other hand, is dominated by island chains and coastal plains.
Climate: North America has a wider range of climates, from the icy tundras of the north to the hot and humid tropics of the south. The Caribbean has a tropical climate throughout the year.
Natural Disasters: While both regions are prone to natural disasters, the Caribbean is more vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms due to its location in the hurricane belt.
what is left after the collision between a ridge and a trench, like what happened to the farallon plate?
When a ridge collides with a trench, it is pushed under the continent because it is denser than the continent. This method of plate motion is called subduction.
The ridge is subducted and melts at high temperatures to produce magma. The magma slowly rises through the mantle to the surface and solidifies, forming new land above the continent.
Volcanoes and volcanic islands are examples of this. The Andes Mountains are one example of this phenomenon, as the Nazca Plate collides with the South American Plate at the Peru-Chile Trench and is pushed underneath the continent.
There is a continuous upward rise of magma that produces volcanoes and volcanic islands in the Andes Mountains, the Aleutian Islands, the Caribbean Islands, and other locations.
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which of the following is not a low-latitude climate region? mansoon wet equatorial dry tropical tropical savanna humid subtropical
Answer: A low latitude climate is a tropical climate, exemplified by areas in or near the equator.
which correctly lists in seismic waves in order from slowest to fastest holding all other variables constant?
The correct list of seismic waves in order from slowest to fastest holding all other variables constant is as follows:
Surface waves or L waves, Longitudinal or P waves, Transverse or S waves, Surface waves or L waves are the slowest seismic waves.
These waves travel through the Earth's outer crust, causing most of the damage during an earthquake. The longitudinal or P waves travel faster than the L waves and arrive first during an earthquake.
These waves pass through the earth's crust and are transmitted through solid, liquid, and gaseous materials.
The Transverse or S waves travel slower than the P waves and cannot pass through liquids, making it unable to travel through the outer core of the Earth.
These waves cause rocks to move up and down or from side to side, making it more destructive than P waves.
Hence the correct list of seismic waves in order from slowest to fastest holding all other variables constant is Surface waves or L waves, Longitudinal or P waves, and Transverse or S waves.
Surface waves are the slowest type of seismic wave and only travel along the Earth's surface. They are caused by the interaction of P-waves and S-waves with the Earth's surface and can cause the most damage during an earthquake.
There are two types of surface waves: Love waves, which move side-to-side, and Rayleigh waves, which move in a circular motion.
Understanding the order of seismic waves is crucial in seismology, the study of earthquakes, as it helps scientists determine the location, magnitude, and type of earthquake.
P-waves are typically the first waves detected by seismic instruments, followed by S-waves and surface waves.
By analyzing the characteristics of each type of wave, scientists can better understand the properties of the Earth's interior and predict earthquake hazards.
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all of the following are advantages of using a paleoecological approach except which? question 21 options: insight into the history of change time series easier to reconstruct high temporal resolution landscapes easier to reconstruct
The advantage of using a paleoecological approach is "Insight into the history of change." Therefore the correct option is option A.
Paleoecology is the study of past ecological systems and how they have been affected by changes in climate, geology, and human activity.
The paleoecological approach is used to study the past, and it has many advantages, including insight into the history of change, time series easier to reconstruct, high temporal resolution, and landscapes easier to reconstruct.
However, one disadvantage of using a paleoecological approach is that it does not provide insight into the history of change.
The paleoecological approach can only provide information on the environment's past state, but it cannot provide information on the processes that led to these changes. Therefore the correct option is option A.
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All of the following are advantages of using a paleoecological approach except which :
insight into the history of change time series easier to reconstruct high temporal resolution landscapes easier to reconstructwhat happened first during the st. helen's 1980 eruption? group of answer choices collapse of the volcano the explosion
The first event to occur during the eruption of St. Helens in 1980 was the earthquake that triggered the landslide. The correct option is the collapse of the volcano.
What is St. Helens?St. Helens, formally called Mount St. Helens, is an active stratovolcano located in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest in North America. St. Helens is known for its volcanic activity, which has been ongoing for thousands of years, and its infamous eruption on May 18, 1980.
What happened during the eruption of St. Helens in 1980?On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, a dormant volcano in Washington state, erupted. The eruption started with an earthquake that triggered a landslide, which was the first event. The landslide caused the north face of the mountain to collapse, resulting in the formation of a massive debris avalanche, which flowed down the mountain at a speed of up to 150 miles per hour (241 kilometers per hour).
As a result of this landslide, approximately 57 individuals lost their lives. The collapse of the volcano was followed by a massive explosion that sent ash, gas, and rocks into the atmosphere.
The explosion caused an ash cloud that rose up to 80,000 feet (24,384 meters) into the atmosphere, and it could be seen from hundreds of miles away. The explosion destroyed most of the trees, buildings, and roads within a 10-mile (16-kilometer) radius of the volcano, as well as the animals and plants in the area.
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the origin of life on earth most likely occurred group of answer choices before 4.5 billion years ago between 4.5 and 3.5 billion years ago between 2 and 1 billion years ago less than 1 billion years ago
Answer:
The origin of life on Earth most likely occurred between 4.5 and 3.5 billion years ago. While the exact timing of the origin of life is still a subject of active scientific research and debate, the oldest known fossils of microorganisms date back to around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting that life had already emerged on Earth by that time. Additionally, studies of the Earth's early atmosphere and the geochemical signatures of ancient rocks and minerals provide further evidence that conditions on early Earth were conducive to the formation of simple organic molecules, which may have eventually given rise to the first living organisms.
The origin of life on earth most likely occurred before 4.5 billion years ago. According to scientific research, this is because the early Earth was much different than it is today. The atmosphere lacked oxygen and was filled with high concentrations of toxic gases.
By the time the bombardment ended, it is thought that the Earth had cooled enough for liquid water to form. This water allowed for more complex chemical reactions to occur, and it is thought that this was when life began to emerge.
Overall, the scientific evidence points to the origin of life on Earth likely occurring before 4.5 billion years ago due to the Earth's environment and conditions at the time being hostile to life.
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According to the US National Snow and Ice Data Center, there have been __________ ice age cycles on Earth during the last 750,000 years.
Answer:
According to the US National Snow and Ice Data Center, there have been eight ice age cycles on Earth during the last 750,000 years.
According to the US National Snow and Ice Data Center, there have been eight ice age cycles on Earth during the last 750,000 years.
The Earth is not the same as it was millions of years ago. In fact, the planet has seen numerous changes and transformations throughout its life. The climate is one of the most significant factors that have impacted the Earth in this process. The climate has gone through many changes over the centuries. The Earth's climate, for example, has gone through a number of ice ages. Ice ages are periods of time when the Earth's temperature falls considerably, resulting in glaciers and ice sheets.
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__________ are used to prevent the erosion of sand from beaches. They allow the wind and water to blow through, but they help to prevent the movement of sand.
Answer:
are used to prevent the erosion of sand from beaches. They allow the wind and water to blow through, but they help to prevent the movement of sand.
Explanation:
desert
Sand Dunes are used to prevent the erosion of sand from beaches. They allow the wind and water to blow through, but they help to prevent the movement of sand.
Sand dunes are critical coastal features, providing natural buffers against powerful ocean waves and wind. They absorb the energy of storm surges and act as barriers to protect inland areas. They are also habitats for a range of plants and animals, many of which are threatened by human activities and development. Dunes, often some of the most noticeable and recognizable features of a beach, can be created by a variety of wind patterns and types of sand, and can cover vast land areas with mounds of sand. They also play a vital role in the overall ecosystem of a beach area, both physically and ecologically.
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which rock is most likely is to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperature of 1000° C
The rock that is most likely to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperature of 1000°C is a type of metamorphic rock known as eclogite.
Eclogite is a high-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic rock that forms from basaltic or gabbroic rocks at depths of around 30-100 km in the Earth's crust. At these depths, the rock is subjected to high pressures and temperatures, causing it to undergo significant changes in its mineral composition and texture.
Under these conditions, the basaltic or gabbroic rocks are transformed into eclogite through a process known as metamorphism. This process involves the recrystallization of minerals in the rock, as well as the formation of new minerals such as omphacite and garnet.
Therefore, eclogite is the most likely rock to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperature of 1000°C, due to its high-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic origin.
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With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.
Which of the following best describes the pattern of coffee bean production at the global scale?
answer choices
O a core and periphery
O a hierarchical diffusion
O within tropical latitudes
O inside arid climate regions
O in more developed countries
Answer:
Within tropical latitudes
Explanation:
I got the answer from quizlet
which river was so badly polluted that it caught fire several times? responses nile nile thames thames cuyahoga cuyahoga volga
Answer:
Cuyahoga River
an irrigation system waters a circular field that has a 30-foot radius. find the exact area watered by the irrigation system .
An irrigation system of circular field having 30 foot radius. It is given that field is circular, area of circular field can be calculated by area of circle.
The area of a circle with a 30-foot radius can be found using the formula πr².
π is a mathematical constant with a value of approximately 3.14 or 22/7, and r is the radius of the circle.
Therefore, the area of the circle is:
A= πr²
where, A = Area of circle/field
r = radius of circle
A = π(30²)
A = 900π.
Since π = 22÷7
900π = 900×(22÷7)
Area of field is 2828.57 square feet
The irrigation system will water an area of 2828.57square feet because it is a circular field with a 30-foot radius. Therefore, the exact area that will be watered by the irrigation system is 900π square feet.
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of the seven continents, which is the only permanently inhabited one that does not currently have a monarchy?
Of the seven continents, Australia is the only permanently inhabited one that does not currently have a monarchy. In Australia, the government operates as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
The head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, who is represented in Australia by the Governor-General. However, the monarch does not have any real power in the country and the government is run by elected officials.
The indigenous Australians were the first inhabitants of the continent, and their cultures and traditions have been respected and preserved by the government.
The legislative branch is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the executive branch is led by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Australia has a strong economy and a high standard of living, and it is recognized as a leader in areas such as healthcare, education, and environmental protection.
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2. given a mean earth radius of 20,906,000 ft, and an observation latitude of n 47 degrees, what is the arc distance of one second of longitude and one second of latitude?
At 47 degrees latitude, one second of longitude is equivalent to about 49.03 feet of arc distance, whereas one second of latitude is equivalent to about 100.76 feet of arc distance.
The following formula can be used to determine the arc distance of one second of longitude at a specific latitude:
Mean Earth Radius x Cosine of Latitude x Arc Distance (angular distance)
where 1/3600 degrees is the angular distance (since there are 3600 seconds in one degree). When we enter the values from the issue, we obtain:
One second's worth of longitude is represented by the formula (20,906,000 ft) x (cosine 47) x (1/3600) = 49.03 ft.
Similarly, the formula: can be used to get the arc distance of one second of latitude.
(Mean Earth Radius) x = arc distance (angular distance)
When we enter the values from the issue, we obtain:
One second of latitude is equal to 20 906,000 feet multiplied by 1/36 equals 100.76 feet.
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the theory that says earths contients once made up ancident supercontitnet, and have been dirfiting apart eversicne is called the theory of
The theory that says earths continents once made up an ancient supercontinent, and have been drifting apart ever since is called the theory of Continental Drift.
Continental drift is the movement of Earth's continents relative to one another, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed. It was the first hypothesis to explain the origins of continents and oceans in the late 19th century, gaining widespread acceptance in the 1950s and 60s.
The concept of continental drift was suggested by Alfred Wegener in 1912, and although his hypothesis was dismissed at the time, it laid the groundwork for modern plate tectonic theory.
The theory was founded on the idea that Earth's continents were once united in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which broke apart 200 million years ago and slowly drifted to their current positions over time.
This idea was supported by evidence from fossil records, geological features, and similarities in rock formations between continents that could only be explained by them once being connected.
The Continental Drift Theory was a fundamental contribution to the field of geology and helped to shape our current understanding of Earth's history and the formation of the continents.
It is now widely accepted as a scientific fact, supported by various geologic and geophysical pieces of evidence, and forms the basis for modern plate tectonics theory.
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the large earthquake of 1700 that occurred offshore of the pacific northwest generated a large tsunami. how do we know this?
We know that the large earthquake of 1700 off the pacific northwest generated a large tsunami because of the evidence left behind by this event.
Scientists have found evidence of the tsunami in the form of sand deposits near the coast that are believed to have been caused by the tsunami.
Additionally, oral histories from Indigenous peoples of the area tell of a catastrophic event in 1700 that could have been a tsunami. These histories describe waves that came from the sea and flooded the land.
Other evidence of the tsunami can be found in the form of trees that were snapped off by the waves near the coastline. All of this evidence points to a large tsunami that was generated by the large earthquake of 1700 off the pacific northwest.
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basalt is an igneous rock that can be found in which volcanic environment?group of answer choicesmid-ocean ridge volcanismhot spot volcanismsubduction zone volcanism
Basalt is an igneous rock that is most commonly found in volcanoes that form due to subduction zone volcanism.
Subduction zone volcanism is a type of volcanism occurs when one of the Earth's tectonic plates moves beneath another and sinks into the mantle. As the two plates grind against each other, the pressure causes magma to rise up through the lithosphere, forming a volcano.
Basalt is composed of minerals like pyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine, and it forms from the cooling and solidification of lava that is created when the magma rises and erupts. Basalt is one of the most common volcanic rocks and is often used to construct structures such as roads, pathways, and buildings.
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describes the tendency for different types of rock to weather at different rates.
The tendency for different types of rock to weather at different rates is known as differential weathering. This phenomenon occurs due to the varying physical and chemical properties of different rocks.
For example, rocks with a greater porosity and permeability are more likely to absorb water, leading to faster weathering.
In contrast, rocks with low porosity and permeability will not absorb water easily and therefore weather more slowly. Other factors that can influence the rate of weathering include the type of minerals that the rock is composed of and the climate in which it is located. Differential weathering affects the landscape, often leading to the formation of distinctive features such as mesas and canyons.
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the plantation system of agriculture in the caribbean largely concentrated on what form of agriculture?
The plantation system of agriculture in the Caribbean was mainly concentrated on the cultivation of sugarcane.
The plantation system refers to the organization of agricultural production in which plants are cultivated on a large scale for commercial purposes, mainly for export. This system, which started in the Americas in the 16th century, was initially introduced to grow cash crops like tobacco and sugarcane, which were then exported to Europe and other parts of the world for profits.
The Caribbean was one of the regions where the plantation system thrived. The plantation system in the Caribbean was established during the 17th and 18th centuries by the European colonizers. The plantation system involved the large-scale cultivation of crops like sugar cane, cotton, and tobacco by African slaves. The main crops cultivated were sugarcane and cotton.
The plantation system of agriculture in the Caribbean mainly focused on the cultivation of sugarcane. This crop was considered the most profitable, and it was grown on a large scale by African slaves who were brought to the Caribbean to work on the plantations. Sugarcane required a lot of labor, and the plantation owners relied on the enslaved Africans to work the land. Sugarcane was grown in large quantities and processed into sugar, molasses, and rum. These products were then exported to Europe, where they were sold for high prices.
The plantation system in the Caribbean was one of the most profitable systems of agriculture during the 18th and 19th centuries.
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new york is underlain by metamorphic rock. the photo below shows an outcrop of rock in central park that contains many thin sheets. is this rock foliated or nonfoliated?
The rock outcrop in Central Park appears to be foliated. This is because it contains many thin, parallel sheets of rock, which is an indication of foliation.
Foliation occurs when a rock has been subjected to intense pressure and heat over a long period of time, which causes the minerals within the rock to form into thin layers. This type of foliation is known as schistosity and is a common feature of metamorphic rocks.
The foliation of the rock outcrop in Central Park suggests that it has been subjected to the kind of intense pressure and heat that is necessary to form schistose-type foliation, which is consistent with the fact that it is part of the metamorphic rock that underlies New York.
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most sediment on the continental shelf is derived from a. erosion on the continent b. life in the sea c. aliens d. chemical reactions in the water
Chemical reactions in the water and aliens are not significant sources of sediment on the continental shelf. The correct option is d.
Most sediment on the continental shelf is derived from erosion on the continent.
What is the continental shelf?The shallow oceanic area is known as the continental shelf.
It is located next to the shore and extends from the shore to the continental slope.
The water depth in the continental shelf ranges from 100 meters to 200 meters, depending on the location, and the slope of the shelf ranges from 0.1 to 1 degree.
The main source of sediment on the continental shelf is erosion on the continent.
When rocks and soil are exposed to the elements, such as wind, rain, and temperature fluctuations, they begin to erode.
This can result in sediment that is transported by rivers to the ocean and deposited on the continental shelf.
Other sources of sediment on the continental shelf include volcanic eruptions, underwater landslides, and other natural events.
Life in the sea is also a source of sediment, as organisms such as corals and clams produce shells and other materials that eventually break down and contribute to the sediment on the sea floor.
However, the primary source of sediment on the continental shelf is erosion on the continent.
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in an area of known past glaciation, and knowing what we have studied so far, hummocky topography most often results from
In an area of known past glaciation, hummocky topography most often results from debris deposited by melting glaciers.
Hummocky topography is a surface feature created when a glacier melts and recedes, leaving behind a series of small hills and valleys. This topography is formed when the glacier pushes rocks, soil, and other debris forward as it moves, creating a bumpy surface. As the glacier melts, the debris is left behind and forms these hummocks and mounds. In areas of known past glaciation, hummocky topography is one of the most common features that remain.
A hummock is a small hillock, knoll, or mound. A hummocky topography is one that contains such little hills and mounds. This condition usually results from ice movements and melting, as it can cause landmasses to rise, shift and reshape. Similarly, the hummocky topography that arises from glacial debris results from the material, including boulders, rocks, gravel, and sand, that was deposited by melting glaciers.
The debris is sorted based on its size, with larger rocks at the top and finer debris at the bottom. The hummocks are formed by the melting of the smaller debris, while the larger rocks are left behind as hillocks. These features are common in regions that were once under glaciers, as the melting and erosion of the ice left behind these deposits.
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