Mount St. Helens is one of several volcanoes in the Cascades Range that has had multiple eruptions in the past 4,000 years.
The Cascade Range of volcanoes is well-known for its volcanic activity. There are numerous volcanoes in the Cascade Range that have erupted at least six times in the last 4,000 years. Some of these volcanoes include Mount Shasta, Mount Baker, Mount Hood, and Mount Rainier.
Mount Hood: Mount Hood, situated in the Cascades, is a dormant volcano that has erupted several times in the past, with the last one occurring in 1865. The Mount Hood Volcano is known for its periodic eruption, with a recurrence rate of 150-200 years.
Mount Rainier: Mount Rainier is an active volcano located in the Cascades, and it is the highest mountain in Washington State. Mount Rainier has erupted numerous times in the past, and it is still classified as an active volcano today.
Mount Shasta: Mount Shasta, located in California's Cascades, is one of the most active volcanoes in the Cascade Range. Mount Shasta has erupted at least seven times in the last 4,000 years, with its last eruption occurring around 200 years ago.
Mount Baker: Mount Baker is another active volcano in the Cascades, situated in Washington State. Mount Baker has erupted nine times in the last 4,000 years, with its most recent eruption occurring in 1843. There are many other examples of volcanoes in the Cascades that have erupted at least six times in the last 4,000 years.
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The remarks section of the Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) contains the following coded information. What does it mean?
RMK FZDZB42 WSHFT 30 FROPA
Answer: Frezeing drizzle with cloud bases of flight level 42 (4200ft) and a wind shift with a frontal passage 30 minutes after the hour.
Explanation:
you're excavating and discover a large fragment of a well-preserved ancient woven basket made of organic material. what chronometric dating method would you use to discover its age?
The chronometric dating method used to discover the age of an ancient woven basket made of organic material discovered while excavating is "radiocarbon dating".
Chronometric dating or numerical dating is a method of dating that uses radioactive decay to calculate an absolute age. The time taken for the radioactive element to decay to half of its original amount is the half-life of that element.
What is Radiocarbon dating?
Radiocarbon dating is a method of dating that uses the decay of carbon-14 to calculate an absolute age. Radiocarbon dating is used to estimate the age of materials that were once alive but have since decayed, such as wood, shells, and bone.
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon that is produced naturally in the atmosphere. When a living organism dies, it stops taking in carbon-14. The carbon-14 that was already in the organism starts to decay, turning into nitrogen-14.
The rate at which carbon-14 decays is constant, so by measuring the amount of carbon-14 left in a sample, you can calculate how long ago the organism died.
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what weather would occur if this were to happen?
When an air mass cP from Canada interacts with an air mass mT from the Gulf of Mexico, it creates a front known as a cold front that pushes the warm, moist air mass mT, creating unstable atmospheric conditions, which can lead to the formation of storms and tornadoes.
How does the cold front impact the weather?As the cold front advances, it causes a rapid drop in temperature and decrease in humidity, resulting in cooler, drier weather conditions behind the front. This is because the cP air mass is much cooler and drier than the mT air mass it is replacing.
Therefore, the temperature drop can be quite significant, often resulting in a sudden change from hot and humid conditions to cold and dry conditions.
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as earth warms, polar ice caps melt releasing large numbers of icebers into oceans : is it a positive feedback loop?
Yes, as earth warms, polar ice caps melt releasing large numbers of icebergs into oceans.
As the earth warms, polar ice caps melt and release large numbers of icebergs into the oceans. This process further increases the global temperature, leading to more melting of ice caps and an increase in the number of icebergs released. This is a classic example of a positive feedback loop.
In a positive feedback loop, the output of a system increases the magnitude of the input signal, causing further increases in output. Positive feedback loops occur when an initial change in the system causes additional changes that magnify the initial effect. They are common in natural systems, and can have both positive and negative effects.
In the case of the polar ice caps melting, the warming of the planet triggers the melting of ice caps, which releases more icebergs into the oceans. These icebergs, in turn, reflect less sunlight and heat back into the atmosphere, which leads to further warming. This cycle continues, leading to a positive feedback loop.
In conclusion, the given scenario represents a positive feedback loop where the earth's warming triggers the melting of ice caps, leading to the release of icebergs into the oceans, which further increases the temperature of the earth.
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the soil horizon containing only organic material is the a horizon. b horizon. c horizon. o horizon. e horizon.
The soil horizon containing only organic material is the O horizon.
What is the O horizon?
The O horizon, which is the soil layer containing the most organic matter, is also known as the organic layer. The organic layer includes both live and dead plant roots and decomposed plant and animal residues.
This horizon can be very thin in some soils or as much as several meters thick in some organic soils. Because of its abundance of organic matter, the O horizon is often dark in color and has a spongy texture. This soil layer is sometimes known as the surface layer.The O horizon is found in soils that have experienced natural soil formation over a long period of time. The development of this layer of soil is affected by a variety of factors, including climate, vegetation, and the underlying bedrock, which all play a role in soil development. The soil's pH level and other chemical properties can also affect the amount of organic matter present in the O horizon. Additionally, human activity can affect the development and composition of this soil layer.
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which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? group of answer choices the circum-pacific area the coastal plain of western africa european russia and siberia the area surrounding the red sea
The circum-Pacific area has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes.
This area, often referred to as the "Ring of Fire," stretches along the Pacific Ocean, including parts of North and South America, Asia, and the islands of the Pacific. The region with the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes is the circum-Pacific area, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire. This area stretches from the western coast of North andthrough Alaska and Russia, and down to the western and southern coasts of Asia, including Japan, the Philippines, and In South America, donesia. The Pacific Ring of Fire is known for its high level of volcanic and seismic activity, and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.
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does the change of environment from the base of the section up to the thick gray shale indicate an advance (transgression) or retreat (regression) of the sea?
The change of environment from the basal conglomerate to the thick gray shale indicates a transgression of the sea, as smaller clast size suggests a deeper marine environment.
During a transgression, sea level rises, leading to the inundation of previously exposed land areas. As the sea advances, the environment changes from terrestrial to marine, and sediments deposited also change from coarser to finer-grained. In this case, the transition from the basal conglomerate to the thick gray shale suggests a deepening of the marine environment as indicated by the decreasing clast size, indicating that the sea level was rising during this period.
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the rain forests of the world trap a large amount of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. every year, however, more rain forest is cut down and burned, releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide. which graph best shows the likely effect on climate?
Graph C is the most accurate because it represents the real picture of what is going on with respect to the world's rainforests and their impact on the environment.
The process of deforestation, which is largely the result of human activities, has an enormous effect on global warming and climate change. Rainforests play a significant role in the world's carbon cycle, and they are also important components of the water cycle.
Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air, converting it into oxygen and carbon, which they store in their trunks, roots, leaves, and other parts of the tree. The stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere when trees are cut down, burned, or allowed to decompose.
In contrast, greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are emitted into the atmosphere when trees are burned or cut down.
They do not reflect the negative effects of cutting down rainforest and releasing the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that were stored by the rainforest's trees.
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during a transgression of the sea, does the location at which beach sand accumulates move inland, move seaward, or remain stationary?
During a transgression of the sea, the location at which beach sand accumulates will generally move inland. This is because the sea level is rising and the area where the beach sand is deposited will expand further inland. This process is referred to as coastal retreat.
In addition to coastal retreat, other effects of a transgression of the sea can include changes in sediment deposition patterns and altered water temperatures. These changes can have a negative impact on coastal hazards. The extent of the effect will depend on the rate of sea level rise, the availability of sediment, and other factors.
In summary, during a transgression of the sea, the location at which beach sand accumulates will generally move inland.
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earth's atmosphere blocks many types of light, or electromagnetic radiation. which type of light from space passes through earth's atmosphere to reach the ground?
Visible light, radio waves, and some infrared radiation from space can pass through Earth's atmosphere and reach the ground.
QUESTION 2 DOK 2 1 ALIGNED STANDARD 5 points
Why does Paul Krugman's statement "Apocalypse will
become the new normal" seem likely to be true?
SELECT AN ANSWER
Countries are doing very little to confront climate
change and have instead decided that climate change
is just normal.
Devastating natural disasters, such as out-of-control
wildfires and historic flooding, seem to be happening
somewhere every year.
Climate change is occurring throughout the world and
people have just come to accept that the climate is
changing.
Every country has had to deal with a historic natural
disaster every year since the 21st century began.
The reason why Paul Krugman's statement "Apocalypse will become the new normal" seems likely to be true is that devastating natural disasters, such as wildfires, flooding, and hurricanes, have become more frequent and intense due to climate change. Option 2 is the answer.
Who is Paul Krugman and what is an apocalypse?Paul Krugman is an American economist and columnist. He is a professor of economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, a Distinguished Scholar at the Luxembourg Income Study Center at the University of Luxembourg, and a columnist for The New York Times.
Apocalypse generally refers to a catastrophic event that results in widespread destruction or the end of the world as we know it. In the context of climate change, it can refer to a scenario in which the effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events, sea level rise, and food and water shortages, become so severe that they threaten human civilization and the natural world.
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the dry air that makes it over the top then wicks the water on the opposite side resulting in a much drier climate on one side of the mountain versus the other. this effect is called
This phenomenon is known as a "rain shadow" effect. A rain shadow occurs when moist air is forced to rise over a mountain, cooling and condensing the moisture, which is then released on the windward side of the mountain.
The air on the leeward side of the mountain is much drier, as it has lost its moisture to the windward side. This effect can be seen in mountainous areas around the world, creating dramatically different climates and environments on either side of the mountain. On the windward side, precipitation is often higher and the air is moister, creating lush vegetation.
On the leeward side, however, the air is dry, creating a more arid climate with little vegetation. The rain shadow effect is caused by the unequal heating of the Earth's surface, which causes air masses to rise, cool, and condense. When this happens, the moisture is carried away from the rising air mass and onto the windward side of the mountain. This creates a much drier environment on the leeward side.
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tensional or extensional: when the principal stresses cause the crust to stretch apart. this setting is characterized by normal faulting. compressional or collisional: when the principal stresses cause the crust to smash together and thicken. this setting is characterized by reverse faulting. from the list of terms below, choose the ones associated with the fault you observed in the gigapan image. select the three that apply.
The terms associated with the fault in the gigapan image are tensional, extensional and normal faulting.
When the principal stresses cause the crust to stretch apart, tensional or extensional stress occurs.
In this situation, the setting is characterized by normal faulting. On the other hand, compressional or collisional stress occurs when the principal stresses cause the crust to smash together and thicken. This setting is characterized by reverse faulting. Therefore, the terms associated with the fault in the gigapan image are tensional, extensional and normal faulting.
The crust is the Earth's outermost layer, which is made up of solid rock. It is the Earth's thinnest layer, measuring roughly 30 kilometres (18.6 miles) beneath the continents and 5-10 kilometres (3-6 miles) beneath the oceans.
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The probable question may be:
tensional or extensional: when the principal stresses cause the crust to stretch apart. this setting is characterized by normal faulting. compressional or collisional: when the principal stresses cause the crust to smash together and thicken. this setting is characterized by reverse faulting. from the list of terms below, choose the ones associated with the fault you observed in the gigapan image. select the three that apply.
compressional environment, tensional fault, normal fault, reverse fault, shortening of the crust, extensional fault.
which area of africa is known for successfully resisting european imperialism?
The area of Africa is known for successfully resisting European imperialism is Southern Africa.
Imperialism is a policy or practice by which a country expands its control or authority over foreign territories or countries. It is typically achieved through military force, economic power, or political influence. Imperialism has been a part of human history for thousands of years, and it has taken many different forms in different regions and at different times.
Southern Africa: The area of Africa that is known for successfully resisting European imperialism is Southern Africa. The resistance was mainly led by the Zulu kingdom, which was located in present-day South Africa. The Zulu kingdom was able to fend off European colonization and control for many years, thanks to its strong military and political organization.
In summary, Southern Africa is the area of Africa that is known for successfully resisting European imperialism. The resistance was led by the Zulu kingdom, which had a strong military and political organization.
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What are the three ways In which corruption will negatively affect the financial growth of South Africa
Answer:
unemployment, reduction in tax revenue, decline in business operation and ultimately, collapse of the economy
geologists measure the orientation of tilted rock layers. dip is the angle of inclination from the horizontal of a tilted rock layer. the compass bearing of a rock layer where it pierces the horizontal plane is called
The compass bearing of a tilted rock layer is known as the strike. It is the horizontal angle between the inclined rock layer and a horizontal plane. Geologists measure the strike and dip of rock layers in order to determine the orientation of the rock layer.
Strike is the compass bearing of a tilted rock layer where it pierces the horizontal plane. It is measured in degrees, ranging from 0° to 360°. It is determined by drawing a line along the length of the rock layer and taking a measurement from north.
Dip is the angle of inclination from the horizontal of a tilted rock layer. It is measured in degrees from 0° to 90°, with 0° being horizontal and 90° being vertical. It is determined by drawing a line perpendicular to the strike and measuring the angle from the horizontal plane.
The combined strike and dip measurements are used to determine the orientation of a tilted rock layer. This information is useful for geologists when studying geological features, such as faults and folds, in a particular area.
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is this statement true or false?the rio grande river serves as a physical divider between mexico and canada.
The statement "the rio grandee river serves as a physical divider between Mexico and Canada" is false because the Rio Grande is a river that runs from southern Colorado through New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico.
The river is over 3,000 kilometers long, making it the fourth-longest river in the United States. The Rio Grande river forms a natural border between the United States and Mexico.
However, it does not divide the United States from Canada. So, the given statement "the rio grande river serves as a physical divider between Mexico and Canada" is false.
Conclusion: The statement "the rio grande river serves as a physical divider between Mexico and Canada" is false.
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biochemical sedimentary rocks are composed of the shells of dead organisms, but organic sedimentary rocks are composed of . choose one: a. bones of dead organisms b. tracks and burrows of dead organisms c. organic material/compounds of dead organisms d. living organisms
Biochemical sedimentary rocks are composed of the shells of dead organisms, but organic sedimentary rocks are composed of organic material/compounds of dead organisms. Therefore the correct option is option C.
Sedimentary rocks are the types of rocks that are formed when existing rocks or minerals are broken down into tiny pieces or dissolved in water and later deposited. When these sediments or deposits are cemented and compacted, they form sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks comprise the majority of the earth's crust and cover over 75 percent of the earth's surface. They are divided into three types based on their formation process: chemical, organic, and clastic.
The chemical and organic types are known as non-clastic sedimentary rocks. Organic sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of organic material that has been preserved or altered in some way. Therefore the correct option is option C.
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what is an aquifer, igneous and metamorphic rocks are not good aquifers as they contain little natural porosity or permeability.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted. Igneous and metamorphic rocks generally contain little natural porosity or permeability and therefore cannot be used as aquifers. Igneous rocks, for instance, form when molten magma cools and solidifies.
The cooling process does not leave much space for porosity and permeability. The recrystallization of the rock grains during metamorphism also does not leave much space for porosity and permeability.
Aquifers can be found in sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestone and shale because the grains of these rocks are arranged in a way that allows for more porosity and permeability.
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ore minerals, such as galena and hematite, tend to be different from typical minerals in that they have a
Ore minerals, such as galena and hematite, tend to be different from typical minerals because they contain valuable elements that can be extracted and used for various purposes.
These minerals tend to have higher concentrations of metals such as iron, lead, zinc, and copper, and they are often associated with certain types of rocks. For example, hematite is often found in sedimentary rocks, while galena is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Ore minerals often have a metallic or earthy lustre, and they are usually denser and harder than other types of minerals. In addition, ore minerals usually form crystals or grains in veins or beds, rather than as single crystals or masses. This makes it easier to identify ore minerals and separate them from other minerals in the rock.
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the advection of cold or warm air can occur at the advection of cold or warm air can occur at mid-levels. upper-levels. low levels. low-levels, mid-levels, and upper-levels
Advection of cold or warm air can occur at low, mid, and upper levels of the atmosphere, meaning that air can be transported horizontally at different altitudes, affecting temperature and weather patterns in various regions. Thus, Option D is correct.
Advection refers to the horizontal movement of air in the atmosphere, which can transport cold or warm air depending on its temperature. This process can occur at different levels of the atmosphere, including low, mid, and upper levels. For example, cold air advection can happen when a cold air mass moves from a higher altitude to the surface, causing a drop in temperature.
Similarly, warm air advection can occur when a warm air mass moves from a lower altitude to the surface, leading to a rise in temperature. The advection of cold or warm air can have significant impacts on weather patterns and can contribute to the formation of weather systems, such as storms and fronts.
This question should be provided as:
The advection of cold or warm air can occur at:
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what is meant by the term metamorphic grade? choose one: a. the resistance of a rock to metamorphic processes b. the length of time it takes for a rock to metamorphose c. the clarity of mineral grains in metamorphic rocks d. the intensity of metamorphism
The term "metamorphic grade" refers to the intensity of metamorphism.
The relative temperature and pressure conditions under which metamorphic rocks occur are referred to as the "metamorphic grade" in general. It is referred to as prograde metamorphism or as the grade of metamorphism increasing as temperature and/or pressure are increased on a body of rock. Low pressure and temperatures, ranging from 200 to 320°C, are ideal for low-grade metamorphism. An abundance of hydrous minerals is a characteristic of low grade metamorphic rocks.
When the temperature exceeds 320°C and the pressure is high, high-grade metamorphism occurs. Hydrous minerals lose water during metamorphism, becoming less hydrous, while non-hydrous minerals are increasingly prevalent.
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based on information provided in the animation, which of the following describes the type of radiation that could be absorbed and emitted by earth?
Based on information provided in the animation, the type of radiation that could be absorbed and emitted by Earth is infrared radiation.
What is infrared radiation?Infrared radiation refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies between the visible and microwave ranges.
Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation, which means it is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel through space at the speed of light.Infrared radiation is invisible to the human eye, but it is felt as heat.
This is because infrared radiation is absorbed by matter, such as the skin, and then converted into thermal energy (heat).Infrared radiation is given off by many sources, including the sun, light bulbs, and warm objects.
It is also emitted by the Earth's atmosphere, which makes it an important part of the planet's energy budget.In conclusion, based on information provided in the animation, the type of radiation that could be absorbed and emitted by Earth is infrared radiation.
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Why is Azerbaijan and the Caucasus in general considered a geopolitical strategic area?
Azerbaijan and the Caucasus region are considered geopolitical strategic area because of it's locations, energy resources, security concerns and geopolitical competition.
Why is Azerbaijan and the Caucasus in general considered a geopolitical strategic area?Azerbaijan and the Caucasus region are considered a geopolitical strategic area due to several factors:
1. Location: Azerbaijan and the Caucasus are located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, connecting the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and linking Russia to Iran. This location has made the region a gateway between East and West, and a natural bridge between different cultures and civilizations.
2. Energy resources: Azerbaijan and the Caucasus are rich in natural resources, including oil and gas. The region is a major supplier of energy to Europe and Asia, and its resources have attracted the interest of global powers and investors.
3. Geopolitical competition: The Caucasus region has been historically contested by different empires and powers, including the Ottomans, Safavids, Russians, and Persians. The legacy of these conflicts has created a complex web of ethnic, religious, and geopolitical tensions that continue to shape the region's politics and security.
4. Security concerns: The Caucasus region is also a hotbed of security concerns, including terrorism, separatism, and conflict. The region has witnessed several wars and conflicts, including the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the conflicts in Chechnya and Dagestan, and the ongoing war in Syria.
Given these factors, Azerbaijan and the Caucasus are considered a geopolitical strategic area, and their stability and security are of great importance to regional and global powers.
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the danube river is navigable and thus connects many of the countries of the european continent. true false
The given statement "the Danube river is navigable and thus connects many of the countries of the European continent " is True.
The Danube River is 2,860 km long and runs through 10 countries - Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine - making it the second-longest river in Europe, and one of the most important waterways in the continent.
The Danube River is navigable, meaning that large ships can sail its length and connect the cities, ports, and villages along its banks. By navigating the Danube, goods and people can travel between Europe's different countries with ease. The Danube River is also a major source of energy and food, and it supports important wildlife habitats and tourist sites.
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which factor has a definite pattern of variation with respect to latitude? responses density density ph ph temperature temperature salinity
The factor that has a definite pattern of variation with respect to latitude is Temperature
Latitude is the distance of a location on the earth's surface from the equator. The geographic coordinate that determines the distance between the Earth's center and a point on its surface is known as latitude. The equator is the earth's equator. The distance of a location from the equator is measured in degrees of latitude. This the Temperature's variation with respect to latitude.
Latitudinal variation in temperature is due to the way sunlight is absorbed and distributed across the earth's surface. The higher latitudes receive less energy from the sun than the lower latitudes, which receive more energy per unit area due to the angle of the sun's rays. However, the amount of energy received by a specific region is affected by other variables, including the time of day, the season, and the presence or absence of cloud cover or water.
As a result, latitudinal temperature variations are complicated and can be affected by a variety of variables.
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not all earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. not all earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. true false
The statement "Not all earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks, and in some cases, no foreshock is observed before the main shock." is true.
Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes that occur before the main shock and are caused by the same fault, but the intensity of foreshocks is much lower than the main shock.
These foreshocks can occur from minutes to days before the main earthquake.
It is important for people living in earthquake-prone areas to be prepared and have an emergency plan in place to minimize the impact of earthquakes when they do occur, regardless of whether or not foreshocks were detected beforehand.
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explain the links between the tohoku earthquake and other natural hazards. how do the effects of the earthquake and linked natural hazards compare?'
The Tohoku earthquake and other natural hazards are interlinked. The links between the Tohoku earthquake and other natural hazards are mentioned below:
Tsunami: Tsunamis are a type of natural disaster that can be triggered by an earthquake. As a result, the earthquake off the coast of Tohoku caused a tsunami that devastated many coastal areas.Landslides: Earthquakes may cause landslides in certain areas.Fires: Earthquakes may cause fires as a result of gas lines breaking and electrical systems becoming damaged. This is also true in the case of the Tohoku earthquake.Volcanoes: Earthquakes may cause volcanoes to erupt, which can exacerbate the effects of an earthquake in nearby regions.In terms of their effects, the Tohoku earthquake and other natural hazards are linked in that they can all cause significant damage to infrastructure and people.
The damage caused by an earthquake, however, may be more severe and long-lasting than that caused by other natural disasters, especially if it is followed by aftershocks.
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In the event that two glaciers collide, their advancing glacial till meets in the middle as a __________ moraine.
In the event that two glaciers collide, their advancing glacial till meets in the middle as a MEDIAL moraine.
A medial moraine refers to a linear ridge that forms when two glaciers merge or conjoin together. The medial moraine, which is also referred to as the median moraine, runs down the middle of the newly created glacier. A medial moraine may consist of debris that originated from either of the merging glaciers or from the glacial bedrock.
When two glaciers combine, the dirt and rocks on both glaciers combine to form a medial moraine. This linear ridge is generally found in the middle of glaciers, and it can often be seen as a dark line or stripe down the center of a glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two glaciers merge or converge. As the glaciers move closer to one another, they begin to push and shove the rocks and debris that have been trapped within them for years. These rocks and debris are then pushed to the center of the glacier, where they begin to pile up and form a linear ridge known as a medial moraine.
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During the winter, the amount of snowfall increases on a glacier, which causes accumulation and the glacier to thicken, and because there is not much melting this creates a net gain of ice called a __________ ice budget.
During the winter, the amount of snowfall increases on a glacier, which causes accumulation and the glacier to thicken, and because there is not much melting this creates a net gain of ice called a positive ice budget.
A glacier is a huge mass of ice that moves gradually over the land. Most glaciers are found in polar and sub-polar areas. Glacier ice is unique in that it moves. They are formed when the snow accumulates over the years and converts into ice. When snow accumulates in winter more than melts in summer, the ice sheet gains mass, resulting in a net gain of ice called a positive ice budget. Conversely, when the ice melts in summer more than snow accumulates in winter, the ice sheet loses mass, resulting in a net loss of ice called a negative ice budget.
During winter, the amount of snowfall on a glacier increases, causing accumulation and glacier thickness. In contrast, during the summer, the glacier starts melting, causing ablation and glacier thinning. A glacier's total annual gain or loss in mass due to these processes is referred to as the glacier's mass balance or ice budget.
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