Answer:
the value of good increases (goes up)
X reported the following unit costs information associated with one of its products A1: Direct materials $110 Direct manufacturing labor 90 Variable manufacturing overhead 45 Fixed manufacturing overhead 33 Sales commissions (2% of sales) 10 Research & Development 20 After-sales support 5 Administrative salaries 28 Round your answers to the nearest dollar. Fill in the blank without $ or comma or period, e.g., 12345 What are the direct variable costs per unit associated with Product A1?
Answer:
$255
Explanation:
Direct variable costs per unit associated with Product A1 can be calculated by adding direct material, direct manufacturing labor, variable manufacturing overhead and sales commission.
Calculation
Direct variable costs per unit associated with Product A1 = Direct materials + Direct manufacturing labor + Variable manufacturing overhead + Sales commissions
Direct variable costs per unit associated with Product A1 = $110 + $90 + $45 + $10
Direct variable costs per unit associated with Product A1 = $255
Which of the following is the correct order of market structure from most competitive to least?
Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Perfect Competition
Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly
Oligopoly, Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly
Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, Monopoly
Answer:
Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, Monopoly
Explanation:
In perfect competition, many sellers are competing to sell an identical product. The market has very many small suppliers. No single supplier dominates the market, meaning no seller has the power to influence the price. The market has very many buyers as well. Suppliers have the freedom to enter or exit the market with ease.
Monopolist competition has very many sellers selling similar but differentiated products. Due to the differentiated aspect, sellers can set the prices for their products. The market has very many buyers.
An oligopoly is where a few big suppliers dominate the market. The oligopoly market may have other smaller suppliers whose market share is a small percentage. Oligopoly may stock or manufacture identical or differentiated products.
A monopoly is where a dominant supplier is selling a particular product without competition. Only one supplier is selling that type of product. An oligopoly can sell lifetime solutions through books.
Answer:
Monopolistic competition
Explanation:
Three Square Market, a Wisconsin-based tech firm, made headlines after they offered implantable microchips to its employees. The controversy highlights a generational divide, with younger generations being less concerned about privacy and much more open to sharing their lives. The move to place technology inside of employees raises concerns about data privacy issues, the lack of legislation around the technology, and the long-term health implications for our bodies.
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Although the implantation of microchips in humans is a great technological advance that is gradually being added to our society, this technology raises many concerns that are the main causes of rejection of this technology.
Many people reject the placement of bio microchips for religious reasons, but in addition, there is no type of legislation that regulates these processes which can result in abuse, invasion of privacy and other illegal issues. Finally, many people complain about the lack of information about the physical, chemical and biological consequences that a body with microchips can have.
Jing Company was started on January 1, Year 1 when it issued common stock for $36,000 cash. Also, on January 1, Year 1 the company purchased office equipment that cost $16,000 cash. The equipment was delivered under terms FOB shipping point, and transportation cost was $2,100. The equipment had a five-year useful life and a $5,800 expected salvage value. Using double-declining-balance depreciation, what the amount of depreciation expense and the amount of accumulated depreciation, respectively, that would appear on the December 31, Year 3 financial statements
Answer:
$716 and $12,300
Explanation:
Original Cost = $16,000 + $2,100
Original Cost = $18,100
Double decline rate = 100/5*2
Double decline rate = 40%
First Year Depreciation = $18,100*40%
First Year Depreciation = $7,240
Second Year Depreciation = $18,100*60%*40%
Second Year Depreciation = $18,100*0.60*0.40
Second Year Depreciation = $4,344
Third Year Depreciation = ($18,100 - $7,240 - $4,344 -$5,800)
Third Year Depreciation = $716
Accumulated Depreciation = $7,240 + $4,344 + $716
Accumulated Depreciation = $12,300
Weighted Average Cost Flow Method Under Perpetual Inventory System The following units of a particular item were available for sale during the calendar year: Jan. 1 Inventory 4,000 units at $40 Apr. 19 Sale 2,500 units June 30 Purchase 4,500 units at $44 Sept. 2 Sale 5,000 units Nov. 15 Purchase 2,000 units at $46 The firm uses the weighted average cost method with a perpetual inventory system. Determine the cost of goods sold for each sale and the inventory balance after each sale. Present the data in the form illustrated in Exhibit 5.
Answer:
Cost of goods sold Ending Inventory
April 19 2,500 at $40 = $100,000 1,500 at $40 = $60,000
Sept 2 5,000 at $49.67 248,350 1,000 at $49.67 = 49,670
Explanation:
Data and Calculations:
Date Details Units Cost price Total cost Inventory
Jan. 1 Inventory 4,000 units at $40 $160,000
Apr. 19 Sale 2,500 units $40 $100,000 60,000
June 30 Purchase 4,500 units at $44 298,000
Sept. 2 Sale 5,000 units $50 248,350 49,670
Nov. 15 Purchase 2,000 units at $46
b) Cost of goods sold c) Ending Inventory
April 19 2,500 at $40 = $100,000 1,500 at $40 = $60,000
Sept 2 5,000 at $49.67 248,350 1,000 at $49.67 = 49,670
If an investment of $40,000 is earning an interest rate of 12.00%, compounded annually, then it will take for this investment to reach a value of $56,197.12—assuming that no additional deposits or withdrawals are made during this time. Which of the following statements is true—assuming that no additional deposits or withdrawals are made? If you invest $5 today at 15% annual compound interest for 82.3753 years, you’ll end up with $100,000. If you invest $1 today at 15% annual compound interest for 82.3753 years, you’ll end up with $100,000.
Answer:
1) we can use the future value formula to solve this:
future value = present value x (1 + r)ⁿ
$56,197.12 = $40,000 x (1 + 12%)ⁿ
1.12ⁿ = $56,197.12 / $40,000 = 1.404928
n = log 1.404928 / log 1.12 = 3 years
2) Which of the following statements is true - assuming that no additional deposits or withdrawals are made?
If you invest $1 today at 15% annual compound interest for 82.3753 years, you’ll end up with $100,000.FV = $1 x 1.15⁸²°³⁷⁵³ = $100,000.65 ✓
1. You will receive a Financial Aid Award Letter... *
Before you have completed the FAFSA
After you have completed the FAFSA and applied to colleges
After you have completed the FAFSA and have been accepted to colleges
O After you have started your first semester of classes
Kalani is an account executive with a medical device company that sells sophisticated camera equipment used in surgical procedures such as knee and hip surgery. Therefore, she primarily works with orthopedic surgeons and hospital surgical departments to promote her company's products. Kalani's territory includes five counties in the southwestern part of Tennessee. Kalani can easily visit each customer account once a month to maintain contact. What is the primary difference between business markets and the consumer markets described by Kalani's customer accounts
Answer:
The key difference throughout the particular circumstance is defined throughout the subsection following.
Explanation:
Fewer clients than consumer businesses have been composed of corporate sectors. Since consumers throughout the business community are only found throughout hospitals for treatment, they have become less frequent, whereas consumers mostly in the commercial market include customers across the world, unlike pharmacies where there would be some very buyers.Raw Materials Inventory Begin. Inv. 12,400 Purchases 47,000 Avail. for use 59,400 DM used 50,000 End. Inv. 9,400 Work in Process Inventory Begin. Inv. 15,800 DM used 50,000 Direct labor 33,300 Overhead 69,000 Manuf. costs 168,100 Cost of goods manuf. 155,200 End. Inv. 12,900 Finished Goods Inventory Begin. Inv. 17,800 Cost of goods manuf. 155,200 Avail. for sale 173,000 Cost of Goods Sold 152,500 End. Inv. 20,500 Required: 1. Prepare the schedule of cost of goods manufactured for the year. 2. Compute cost of goods sold for the year.
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Direct Material used= 50,000
Work in Process Inventory Begin. Inv. 15,800
Direct labor 33,300
Overhead 69,000
WIP End. Inv. 12,900
To calculate the cost of goods manufactured, we need to use the following formula:
cost of goods manufactured= beginning WIP + direct materials + direct labor + allocated manufacturing overhead - Ending WIP
cost of goods manufactured= 15,800 + 50,000 + 33,300 + 69,000 - 12,900
cost of goods manufactured= $155,200
Finished Goods Inventory Begin. Inv. 17,800
Finished Goods Inventory End. Inv. 20,500
To calculate the cost of goods sold, we need to use the following formula:
COGS= beginning finished inventory + cost of goods manufactured - ending finished inventory
COGS= 17,800 + 155,200 - 20,500
COGS= $152,500
Which of these is a risk in introducing a new product in the market?
A.
Consumers demand more of your product.
B.
Consumers do not find your product good enough to shift loyalty.
C.
Consumers expect you to come up with another product variant soon enough.
D.
Consumers value your new product more than the old variant.
Answer: B
Explanation: consumers do not find your product good enough to shift loyalty.
It’s the only logical risk, also I just took this test and it’s correct
Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?
Answer:
Some examples of Nonverbal: Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions without saying a word, Body movement and posture, Gestures, Eye contact, Touch, Space, Voice, Pay attention to inconsistencies.
Explanation:
Nonverbal communication refers to gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact (or lack thereof), body language, posture, and other ways people can communicate without using language.
Answer: INCOMPLETE QUESTION
Which of the following is an example of effective nonverbal communication?
A. Remaining close to the person's face when relaying a message.
B. Using a chart to point to text and images.
C. Avoiding facial expressions like frowning or nodding.
D. Paying attention to what's going on in the room.
The answer is B for A-P-E-X users.
If you wanted to make sure a company has enough money available to pay its bills, which financial statement would be most helpful?
A. Balance sheet
B. Income statement
C. Statement of owners’ equity
D. Cash flow statement
Answer:
D. Cash flow statementExplanation:
Answer:
D) Cash Flow statement
Explanation:
Just did the quiz. please mark brainliest ! :)
A publication's final deadline for supplying printing material for an advertisement is a ________________?
A. on sale date
B. Cover date
c. Closing date
D.Birth date
Answer:
c. Closing date
Explanation:
No advertisement is accepted for the next edition after the Closing Date. For an ad to run after this date, the publisher has to issue written permission. Cancellations are also not accepted after this date. Unless otherwise agreed, clients are expected to make full payments for the ad by the end of the closing date.
The on-sale date is the day the issue is expected at the newsstand for customers to buy.
Opportunity costs are _____.
the costs related to the product that have to be paid regardless of the amount you sell
the costs that change depending on a company's performance
the costs resulting from a business owner's choice when selecting one thing over another and how it will impact the business
none of the above
Answer:
the costs resulting from a business owner's choice when selecting one thing over another and how it will impact the business
Explanation:
Tonya operates a nail salon as a sole proprietorship. Tonya also owns and rents an apartment building. This year Tonya had the following income and expenses. Determine Tonya's AGI (rounded to the nearest dollar). You may assume that Tonya will owe $6,255 in self-employment tax on her salon income, with $3,128 representing the employer portion of the self-employment tax. You may also assume that her divorce from Ted was finalized in 2016.
Interest income $ 28,138
Interest expense on qualified loan to fund dependent son's college tuition 2,000
Salon sales and revenue 215,900
Salaries paid to beauticians 113,125
Nail salon supplies 58,500
Alimony paid to her ex-husband, Ted 15,000
Rental revenue from apartment building 78,050
Depreciation on apartment building 32,250
Real estate taxes paid on apartment building 27,750 Real estate taxes paid on personal residence 15,603 Contributions to charity 10,593
Answer:
Tonya's AGI $70,335
Explanation:
Tonya's AGI:
Revenue from salon $215,900
Salaries paid to beauticians ($113,125)
Nail salon supplies ($58,500)
Salon's operating income $44,275
+
Interest income $28,138
+
Rental revenue from apartment building $78,050
Depreciation on apartment building ($32,250)
Real estate taxes paid on apartment building ($27,750)
Rental income $18,050
-
Alimony paid to her husband $15,000
-
Self-employment tax on salon income $3,128
-
Interest expense on education loan $2,000
=
Tonya's AGI $70,335
Real estate taxes paid on Tonya's house and charitable contributions are itemized deductions (below the line deductions).
Roca, Inc., manufactures and sells two products: Product M6 and Product X7. The company has an activity-based costing system with the following activity cost pools, activity measures, and expected activity: Activity Cost Pools Activity Measures Estimated MOH Cost Expected Activity Product M6 Product X7 Total Labor related DLH $152,100 3,000 4,800 7,800 Product orders orders $63,035 400 300 700 Order size Machine hours $505,452 3,700 3,600 7,300 The total overhead to be applied to Product X7 using activity-based costing is closest to:
Answer:
$369,879
Explanation:
The computation of the total overhead to be applied is shown below:
Product X7
Activity Cost Estimated Expected Activity Expected Overhead
Pool Overhead Total Rate Activity applied
Cost Activity
Labor
-related $152,100 7,800 $19.50 4800 $93,600
Production
orders $63,035 700 $90.05 300 $27,015
Order size $505,452 7300 $69.24 3600 $249,264
Total $720,587 $369,879
The laws passed by Congress and by state legislatures are called:
Answer:
Rules
Explanation:
I think I'm right
Answer:
Rules
Explanation:
Yes I think this is right
Which examples demonstrate tasks commonly performed in Printing Technology jobs? Check all that apply.
Curtis writes articles for a local newspaper.
Opal creates a schedule for all the printing press projects lined up for a facility.
Ramona writes a long novel.
Natasha assigns articles to Reporters and Correspondents.
Glenn uses computer software to prepare a document for publishing.
Theo sews together bindings for books.
Answer:
2,5,6
Explanation:
Answer:
-Opal creates a schedule for all the printing press projects lined up for a facility.
-Glenn uses computer software to prepare a document for publishing.
-Theo sews together bindings for books.
Explanation:
or 2,5,6
How can the federal reserve influence the interest rate on credit cards?
A. By shutting down credit card companies that set rates too high.
B. By raising taxes on companies that provide high-interest credit cards.
C.By adjusting the discount rate banks pay to borrow.
D.By setting up federal credit card companies with low rates.
Answer:
C. By adjusting the discount rate banks pay to borrow
Explanation:
A P E X
The federal reserve can influence the interest rate on credit cards by raising taxes on companies that provide high-interest credit cards. Thus, option B is appropriate.
The American financial system's heart is the Federal Reserve System. After a string of financial panics prompted the need for centralized supervision of the monetary system to prevent financial crises, it was established on December 23, 1913, following the passage of the Federal Reserve Act.
Banks and other lenders' interest rate-setting processes are influenced by Federal Reserve decisions. To finance anything from a car or home to your purchases using a credit card, higher Fed interest rates equate to more expensive borrowing charges.
Thus, option B is correct.
Learn more about the Federal Reserve here:
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why might someone be a poor fit for a retail position?
A. Because they don’t have any sales experience
B. Because they don’t have strong interpersonal skills
C. Because they can’t grow within their position
D. Because they don’t have a four year degree
Answer:B
Explanation:yeah
Someone who do not have any sales experience might be a poor fit for a retail position. Thus option(a) is correct.
What is retail?Retail businesses sells items or services to customers for their consumption or use.
A retail store is the sale of items or services in small quantities to customers in-store or online. Grocery, clothing and drug stores re examples of retail.
Retailers enable customers to access a wide variety of products and services worldwide. The retail businesses helps support the country's economy and create additional workplaces.
They are for customers convenience and they bring ready to consume products to people and let them get everything they need for their happy living.
`They are the part of a bigger system called a supply chain. It is a crucial part of the supply chain since it links a manufacturer with customer.
The retail industry influences the economic development of a country. Stores sell goods and pay taxes to the country.
Learn more about retail:
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Candlewood LLC started business on August 1, and it adopted a calendar tax year. During the year, Candlewood incurred $10,950 in legal fees for drafting the LLC's operating agreement and $5,475 in accounting fees for tax advice of an organizational nature, for a total of $16,425 of organizational costs. Candlewood also incurred $22,000 of preopening advertising expenses and $31,000 of salaries and training costs for new employees before opening for business, for a total of $53,000 of startup costs. The LLC wants to take the largest deduction available for these costs. If required, round any division to six decimal places and use in subsequent computations. Round your final answers to the nearest dollar. How much can Candlewood deduct as organizational expenses
Answer:
$5,317
Explanation:
Calculation of the organizational expenses is as shown below.
Actual expense $53,000 - reduced startup $48,000 = $5,000
This means that Candlewood LLC may deduct
= ($16,425 - $5,000) × 5/180
= $11,425 × 5/180
= $317.4
Therefore, organizational expenses would be;
= $5,000 + $317.361111
= $5,317.361111
= $5,317. Approximated to the nearest dollar.
Candlewood LLC may deduct $5,317 as organizational expenses.
Exercise 3-8 Applying Overhead; Journal Entries; Disposing of Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead [LO3-1, LO3-2, LO3-4] The following information is taken from the accounts of Latta Company. The entries in the T-accounts are summaries of the transactions that affected those accounts during the year. Manufacturing Overhead (a) 499,968 (b) 416,640 Bal. 83,328 Work in Process Bal. 5,360 (c) 778,000 319,500 93,500 (b) 416,640 Bal. 57,000 Finished Goods Bal. 33,000 (d) 674,000 (c) 778,000 Bal. 137,000 Cost of Goods Sold (d) 674,000 The overhead that had been applied to production during the year is distributed among Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold as of the end of the year as follows:
Work in Process, ending $ 27,360
Finished Goods, ending 65,760
Cost of Goods Sold 323,520
Overhead applied $ 416,640
For example, of the $57,000 ending balance in work in process, $27,360 was overhead that had been applied during the year. Required:
1. Identify reasons for entries (a) through (d).
2. Assume that the underapplied or overapplied overhead is closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Prepare the necessary journal entry.
3. Assume that the underapplied or overapplied overhead is closed proportionally to Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold. Prepare the necessary journal entry.
Answer:
1. a would be the Actual Manufacturing cost for the year
b would be the Manufacturing Overhead applied to the Work in Process
c is the Cost of Goods Manufactured in the year
d is the Cost of Goods Sold as shown in the same named account.
2.
DR Cost of Goods Sold $83,328
CR Manufacturing Overhead $83,328
3.
DR Work in Process $5,472
Finished Goods $13,152
Cost of Goods sold $64,704
CR Manufacturing Overhead $83,328
Working
Overhead is distributed as follows;
Work in process = 27,360/ 416,640 * 83,328 = $5,472
Finished Goods = 65,760/ 416,640 * 83,328 = $13,152
Cost of Goods sold = 323,520/416,640 * 83,328 = $64,704
Crater HVAC Systems is preparing its statement of cash flows (indirect method) for the year ended March 31, 2018. To follow, in no particular order, is a list of items that will be used in preparing the company's statement of cash flows. Identify each item as an operating activity addition to net income; an operating activity subtraction from net income; an investing activity; a financing activity; or an activity that is not used to prepare the cash flows statement. a. Increase in inventory b. Issuance of common stock c. Decrease in accrued liabilities d. Net income e. Decrease in prepaid expense
Answer:
a. Increase in inventory - an operating activity subtraction from net income
This is an operating activity as it has to do with the day to day business of the company and its operations. It is a subtraction from Net income because an increase in inventory means that more cash was spent to buy the inventory.
b. Issuance of common stock - a financing activity
Financing activities are those that have to do with raising capital for the business so when stock is issued and Equity is raised, it is a financing activity.
c. Decrease in accrued liabilities - an operating activity subtraction from net income
Liabilities are also in relation to the firm's operations so they are operating activities. This will be a subtraction from Net income because cash was used to pay off liabilities which is what reduced them.
d. Net income - operating activity addition to net income
Net income is derived from the operations of the business so is an Operating activity. It will increase net income evidently.
e. Decrease in prepaid expense - operating activity addition to net income
Prepaid expense is in relation to expenses which is an operating activity. It will be an addition to net income because as an asset, it reducing means that cash was not paid to acquire it.
Consider, in 2010, there was only one movie produced by Marvel Studios(Iron Man 2). In 2018, there were three (Black Panther, Avengers: Infinity War, and Ant-Man and the Wasp).
a) Find a linear model that shows how many MCU films are made each year (use xx to be years since 2010) using the data above.
b) With the model found in (a), how many MCU films should release in 2020?
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
a) A linear model is represented in the form y = mx + c, where y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, m is the rate of change and c is the value of y at x = 0.
Since x = years since 2010, let y = number of movies produced
In 2010 (x = 0), y = 1, this can be represented as (0, 1)
In 2018 (x = 8), y = 3, it can be represented as (8, 3)
Hence, with the points (0,1) and (8, 3) using the formula:
[tex]y-1=\frac{3-1}{8-0}(x-0)\\ \\y-1=\frac{1}{4}x\\\\y=\frac{1}{4}x+1[/tex]
b) In 2020 (x = 10), the number of films that would be released is:
[tex]y=\frac{1}{4}x+1\\ \\y=\frac{1}{4}(10)+1\\ \\y=2.5+1\\\\y=3.5\\\\y=3[/tex]
3 movies would be released
Average stock of raw material and raw material consumption per annum are Rs.1,24,000 and Rs.8,42,000 respectively. Consider 365days. Calculate raw material consumption period.
Answer: 54 days
Explanation:
Raw Material consumption period = Average stock of Raw Material / Average stock of Raw material Consumption per day
Average stock of Raw material Consumption per day = Raw Material consumption per Annum / 365
= 842,000/365
= Rs. 2,306.85
Raw material consumption period
= 124,000/2,306.85
= 53.75
= 54 days
During the month your company paid for gasoline for the company vehicles using the company credit card issued by First Bank. Match the journal entries that are prepared behind the scenes with the corresponding transaction or event that has occurred in QBO. Record purchases on credit card as an Expense Transaction. Answer 1 DR: Gasoline expense, CR: Credit Card payable Reconcile the credit card account and enter a bill for payment later. Answer 2 Choose... Pay the credit card bill with a check
Answer:
1. Record purchases on credit card as an Expense Transaction.
Dr. Gasoline expense Cr. Credit Card payableThe Gasoline purchase is an expense so it is debited to an expense account. The purchase was paid for by the Credit Card which is a liability so it will be credited.
2. Reconcile the credit card account and enter a bill for payment later.
Dr. Credit Card Payable Cr. Accounts PayableAs the credit Card is a liability it will need to be accounted for as an Accounts Payable.
3. Pay the credit card bill with a check
Dr. Accounts payable Cr. CheckingWhen paying for the credit card bill, the Accounts payable will be debited to recognize the reduction in Accounts payable. The checking account is credited to recognize a reduction in money in the bank account.
This article (Links to an external site.) suggests, based on significant evidence, that competition in US markets is not only constrained, but is becoming less so, as fewer companies dominate business (Links to an external site.). The high profits and rising stock markets we have seen recently are significantly linked to this, rather than to a more competitive economy. Our model of Supply & Demand is based on a model of perfectly competitive markets. If our markets are not competitive, how does that affect this model? Read the first article and the full Introduction (at least) to the Brookings study. Submit your answer in the box. It should be a few paragraphs long and include a reference to an additional academic-level outside evidence to back up what you are saying.
Answer:
Follows are the solution to this question.
Explanation:
When economies aren't truly competitive, it can have a different monopoly or oligopoly or a monopoly competition, which leads to greater productivity or decreased level and barriers to access and excessive consumer spending than that of the aggregate supply, which causes price rises, and also inflation. It is the result of the fact, that economies are not fully efficient. Consequently, fewer companies control and divest of small and new players with reduced cash flows. Mostly as result, the fundamentals of market forces are changed by technology, fast-generation immigrant advantage, and sustainable supply, that centralizes market structures ever further.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the consequences of rent controls? A. Construction companies are big winners because more housing units are being built due to guaranteed rental income. B. Low income earners are big winners since it is easier to obtain housing. C. Property owners are big winners since they receive a guaranteed amount of rent. D. Upper income earners are big winners due to the fact that they can better exploit nonprice rationing devices. E. All of the above.
Answer: D. Upper income earners are big winners due to the fact that they can better exploit nonprice rationing devices.
Explanation:
The market is price rationing which means that when there is more demand than supply for a particular good, it would allocate that good based on price i.e. it will increase the price which would reduce demand and so those who can afford it will afford it.
Nonprice rationing devices (like discrimination) attempt to do this same thing but without using the price mechanism when measures like rent controls are in place.
This means that landlords will start to selectively pick tenants so that they will be sure that they will be paid because they will feel that lower income earners (who can now rent the property due to the rent control) will have a harder time paying. Upper income earners will therefore be big winners because they will get preferential treatment.
The Karns Oil Company is deciding whether to drill for oil on a tract of land that the company owns. The company estimates the project would cost $4 million today. Karns estimates that, once drilled, the oil will generate positive net cash flows of $2 million a year at the end of each of the next 4 years. Although the company is fairly confident about its cash flow forecast, in 2 years it will have more information about the local geology and about the price of oil. Karns estimates that if it waits 2 years then the project would cost $5 million. Moreover, if it waits 2 years, then there is a 90% chance that the net cash flows would be $2.1 million a year for 4 years and a 10% chance that they would be $1.1 million a year for 4 years. Assume all cash flows are discounted at 10%.
Use the Black-Scholes model to estimate the value of the option. Assume the variance of the project's rate of return is 5.12% and that the risk-free rate is 7%.
Answer:
Investing today is a better option because it has a better NPV of $2.3398 million
Explanation:
Given data :
For Today's Investment
Initial capital investment = $4 million
positive cash flow = $2 million
period of cash flow = 4 years
project cost of capital = 10%
To get the value of This option we have to determine the NPV of this option
NPV = PMT * [tex][\frac{1-(1+r)^-4}{r} ] - initial cash flow[/tex] ----------- (1)
PMT = $2 million
r = 10%
initial cash flow = $4 million
Equation 1 becomes
NPV = (2 * 3.1699 ) - 4
= $6.3398 - $4 = $2.3398 million
For later investment ( 2 years )
initial capital investment = $5 million
90% chance of positive cash flow = $2.1 million
10% chance of positive cash flow = $1.1 million
project cost of capital = 10%
NPV value for a cash flow of $1.1 million
NPV = PMT * [tex][\frac{1-(1+r)^-4}{r} ] - initial cash flow[/tex]
PMT = $1.1 million
initial cash flow = $5 million
r = 10%
Hence NPV = ($1.1 * 3.1699 ) - $5 million
= $3.48689 - $5 million
= - $1.51311
therefore the present NPV = - $1.51311 / 1.21 = -$1.25 million ( therefore no investment will be made )
NPV value for a cash flow of $2.1 million
NPV = PMT * [tex][\frac{1-(1+r)^-4}{r} ] - initial cash flow[/tex]
PMT = $2.1 million
initial cash flow = $5 million
r = 10%
hence NPV = ($2.1 * 3.1699 ) - $5 million
= $6.65679 - $5
= $1.65679
therefore the present NPV = $ 1.65679 / 1.21 = $1.369 million
The Expected NPV value of later investment ( after 2 years )
= $0 * 10% + $1.369 * 90%
= $1.2321 million
The environmental protection agency of a county would like to preserve a piece of land as a wilderness area. The current owner has offered to lease the land to the county for 20 years in return for a lump-sum payment of $1.1 million, which would be paid at the beginning of the 20-year period. The agency has estimated that the land would generate $110,000 per year in benefits to hunters, bird watchers, and hikers. Assume that the lease price represents the social opportunity cost of the land and that the appropriate real discount rate is 4 percent.
a. Assuming that the yearly benefits, which are measured in real dollars, accrue at the end of each of the 20 years, calculate the net benefits of leasing the land. Should the environmental protection agency pay for this piece of land?
b. Some analysts in the agency argue that the annual real benefits are likely to grow at a rate of 2 percent per year due to increasing population and county income. Recalculate the net benefits assuming that they are correct. Should the environmental protection agency pay for this piece of land?
Answer:
a. Assuming that the yearly benefits, which are measured in real dollars, accrue at the end of each of the 20 years, calculate the net benefits of leasing the land. Should the environmental protection agency pay for this piece of land?
the net benefits of leasing the land = the present value of the benefits generated
PV = annual benefit x pv annuity factor
annual benefit = $110,000pv annuity factor 20 years, 4% = 13.590PV = $110,000 x 13.59 = $1,494,900
Since the present value of the benefits is higher than the lease price, then this transaction should be carried out.
b. Some analysts in the agency argue that the annual real benefits are likely to grow at a rate of 2 percent per year due to increasing population and county income. Recalculate the net benefits assuming that they are correct. Should the environmental protection agency pay for this piece of land?
this is a growing annuity, therefore we have to use the following formula:
PV = [p / (r - g)] x {1 - [(1 + g)/(1 + r)]ⁿ}
p = $110,000r = 4%g = 2%n = 20PV = [$110,000 / (4% - 2%)] x {1 - [(1 + 2%)/(1 + 4%)]²⁰} = $5,500,000 x 0.321833005 = $1,770,081.53
Since the present value of the net benefits are even higher now, then the environmental agency should definitely pay.