Humans have communicated with other animals for various purposes, such as controlling them, breeding them, or hunting them, but how did the communication between humans and animals contribute to the development of human language?
The study of animal communication provides us with insights into the origin and development of human language. Animals' vocalizations and gestures are capable of conveying complex information about their state, intentions, and the environment. For example, primates use vocalizations, facial expressions, and body postures to communicate with each other.
These non-human primates, such as chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas, have complex communication systems, and their ability to learn new forms of communication has been demonstrated experimentally.Animals were, in many ways, instrumental in the development of human communication systems. It is believed that our hominid ancestors learned how to communicate by observing and interacting with animals.
For example, our early ancestors observed how primates used various vocalizations, facial expressions, and gestures to communicate with each other. They may have even imitated these sounds and gestures in their own communication with each other.Thus, animals played an essential role in the development of human communication systems. Through observing and interacting with them, our ancestors learned how to communicate more effectively.
Animal communication systems served as a model for the development of human language, and even today, humans use animal sounds as metaphors and symbols in their language.
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On a typical day, many students travel to campus and have several regular experiences (and if they don't know, they likely have at one point). Underlying most of these experiences is some perceptual process - often unconscious and automatic - that allows them to make sense of the large amount of sensory information being detected at any given moment. For this assignment, you will be presented with several common scenarios a student might find themselves in on campus, as well as a form of perceptual processing. Your task is to describe how each perceptual process could be involved in each scenario.
Scenario 1: On the first day of the semester, a student is walking from their dorm to a classroom across campus. 1a) How could top-down perceptual processing be involved in this scenario?
1b) How could bottom-up perceptual processing be involved in this scenario? Scenario 2: After reaching their classroom, the student attends a lecture there. 2a) Pick one of the Gestalt principles described in the lecture (apparent movement, good continuation, law of pragnanz, and similarity), and describe how it could be involved in this scenario.
2b) Pick a different Gestalt principle and describe how it could be involved in this scenario.
Scenario 3: Once their lecture is finished, the student has some time before their next class, and decide to find a place to eat their lunch on campus. 3a) How might the oblique effect or the light-from above assumption (pick one), which results from physical regularities in the environment, be involved in this scenario? 3b) How might semantic regularities in the environment be involved in this scenario?
Scenario 4: To energize themselves after lunch, and to learn more about the campus, the student decides to explore around and inside a few new buildings.
4) How might their movement facilitate their perception, and thus their understanding, of a new environment, either inside or outside a building?
Scenario 5: At the end of the day, the student decides they want to rent a book from the library. They walk there, enter the library, pick up a book, and bring it to the checkout desk. 5a) How might the temporal lobe (or the "what pathway") have been involved in this process?
5b) How might the parietal lobe (or the "where pathway") have been involved in this process?
In scenario 1a, the student uses prior knowledge to navigate. In scenario 1b, the student relies on sensory information. In scenario 2a, the student groups similar information together. In scenario 2b, the student perceives a complete image despite obstructions.
Scenario 1a: Top-down perceptual processing - Student uses prior knowledge and memories to navigate to the classroom.
Scenario 1b: Bottom-up perceptual processing - Student attends to sensory information to perceive their surroundings.
Scenario 2a: Gestalt principle of similarity - Student groups similar information together during a lecture.
Scenario 2b: Gestalt principle of good continuation - Student perceives a diagram as a whole, even if part of it is blocked.
In scenario 1a, the student relies on prior knowledge and memories to navigate. In scenario 1b, the student attends to sensory information to perceive their surroundings. In scenario 2a, the student groups similar information together during a lecture. In scenario 2b, the student perceives a diagram as a whole, despite obstructions.
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You will be given a description of an experiment, and will be asked 4 questions related to the experiment. For all questions type your answer in the space provided. Description of experiment In an experiment investigating memory using the "levels-of-processing" manipulation, Craik & Tulving (1975) presented participants with 60 words, each word presented in a context of an orienting question that required either YES or NO as an answer. After completing the orienting task for all 60 words, participants were given a surprise recall test.
What is the term used to describe the type of encoding instruction used here, and explain why it is preferred by the researchers
The term used to describe the type of encoding instruction used in this experiment is "levels-of-processing."
The researchers employed this manipulation to examine the depth or level at which information is processed during encoding and its subsequent effect on memory recall. Instead of using traditional rote memorization techniques, participants were presented with context-rich orienting questions that required them to engage in semantic processing and think deeply about the words.
This type of encoding instruction is preferred by researchers because it allows for a more meaningful and elaborative processing of information, which is believed to result in better memory retention and recall compared to shallow processing. By manipulating the depth of processing, researchers can investigate the impact of different encoding strategies on memory performance.
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Suggest two ways that may help nurse to better catch the attention of patients during interview sessions. Support your answers with reference to psychological concepts/ theories/ research studies.
As a nurse, there are several ways you can catch the attention of patients during interview sessions.
Below are two ways to achieve this: Spend time building a relationship with the patient To establish a therapeutic relationship with the patient, the nurse must be empathetic, caring, compassionate, and non-judgmental. When a nurse is empathetic, he/she will be able to understand the patient's emotions and feelings, which will improve the patient's trust and comfort level.
According to Carl Rogers' theory, an empathetic and understanding environment is necessary for growth and development. In addition, when a patient feels that the nurse is genuinely interested in their care, they will be more inclined to cooperate. Establishing a therapeutic relationship is critical for communication between the patient and the healthcare provider.
Communication is an essential part of the healthcare system, and effective communication between a nurse and a patient promotes patient participation in their treatment, resulting in better health outcomes. Therefore, a nurse can better catch the attention of a patient during an interview by establishing a therapeutic relationship with them.
Pay attention to nonverbal communication During the interview process, it is crucial to pay attention to the patient's nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice. A nurse must be attentive to the patient's nonverbal cues since they can reveal a lot about the patient's emotions and thoughts.
According to the Albert Mehrabian's theory, communication is only 7% verbal, 38% tone of voice, and 55% nonverbal. Therefore, nonverbal communication is more critical than verbal communication. Nonverbal communication aids in building a rapport with the patient and establishing trust. The nurse can interpret the patient's nonverbal cues, which can provide insight into the patient's emotional state.
Therefore, a nurse can better catch the attention of a patient during an interview by paying attention to nonverbal communication.
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I. In light of the Amnesty Report, how does Israel’s occupation
practices compare to those of South Africa under its apartheid
regime?. J. in your opinion, does america benefit or suffer from its alliance with israel?
I. Amnesty International published a report on Israel’s occupation practices that highlighted the country’s human rights abuses in the occupied territories. Israel has been occupying the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip since 1967.
The report concluded that the Israeli government’s practices in the occupied territories amount to apartheid, which is a crime against humanity under international law. The report points to Israel’s discriminatory policies towards Palestinians in the occupied territories, such as its unequal distribution of water resources, its confiscation of Palestinian land, and its revocation of residency permits for Palestinians living in East Jerusalem. These policies are similar to those employed by South Africa under its apartheid regime.
J. America’s alliance with Israel has both benefits and drawbacks. One benefit is that Israel is a strategic ally for the United States in the Middle East, and the two countries share common interests in areas such as security, intelligence, and technology. Israel is also a democracy in a region where democracy is rare, and the two countries share a commitment to human rights and the rule of law.
However, the alliance also has its drawbacks. Some Americans believe that the United States is too closely aligned with Israel, and that this alignment damages America’s relationships with other countries in the region. Additionally, America’s close relationship with Israel has led to criticism that it has been complicit in Israel’s human rights abuses against Palestinians. Some have argued that America should take a more neutral stance in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in order to promote peace and stability in the region.
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The hubs-and-spokes theory differs from the perceptual-functional theory in that it explains: choose the correct option
a. selective impairment of episodic memory and preserved semantic memory
b. selective impairment of knowledge of living things
c. impairment of semantic memory and episodic memory
d. category-specific impairment
e. the impairment of modality-independent knowledge (e.g., camels live in the desert)
The hubs-and-spokes theory differs from the perceptual-functional theory in that it explains the d) category-specific impairment.
What is the hubs-and-spokes theory?The hubs-and-spokes theory refers to the notion that a small number of "hub" regions in the brain are linked to and link numerous, more narrowly specialized regions, which act as "spokes."
It is thought that damage to specific regions of the brain, such as the temporal lobes, causes category-specific impairments, such as the inability to distinguish between animals and artifacts or living and non-living objects. This is where the distinction between the hubs-and-spokes theory and the perceptual-functional theory comes in.
What is the perceptual-functional theory?The perceptual-functional theory contends that specific regions of the brain correspond to specific perceptual or functional characteristics of an object. For instance, it is proposed that the features of living things, such as animals, are mainly processed by the anterior inferior temporal cortex, while the features of artifacts, such as tools, are processed by the posterior inferior temporal cortex. The perceptual-functional theory explains the selective impairment of knowledge of living things.
Therefore, the correct answer is d) category-specific impairment.
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Which of the following principles of graphic design states that "If two items are not exactly the same, then make them different"?
A. Alignment
B. Contrast
C. Proximity
D.Balance
E. Repetition
Option (b), The principle of graphic design that states that "If two items are not exactly the same, then make them different" is contrast.
What is a contrast in graphic design?In graphic design, contrast is a fundamental principle that refers to the arrangement of distinct elements. Contrast, also known as "difference," can be used to attract the viewer's attention, emphasize a point, or make a design more visually engaging. The contrast in graphic design can be achieved using various elements such as color, typeface, size, texture, and shape. Contrast allows graphic designers to create visually appealing designs that are dynamic and engaging.
To make a design more visually appealing, contrast is a crucial element. It helps create visual interest and makes a design stand out. By using contrasting elements, you can guide the viewer's eye to the most important part of the design. So, contrast is an essential principle of graphic design.
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What is one thing that you have been able to successfully change about yourself that has improved your self-image or self-esteem? How hard was it to change, and what were steps that you took to make that change?
a minimum of 250 words.
One thing that I was able to successfully change about myself that improved my self-image and self-esteem was my negative self-talk. I used to be very critical of myself and would often put myself down with negative thoughts.
This impacted my self-confidence and made me doubt my abilities and worthiness. Changing this habit was not easy, but it was definitely worth it.
Here are some of the steps that I took to make this change:
1. Awareness: I started paying attention to my thoughts and noticed when I was being critical of myself. This helped me to realize how often I engaged in negative self-talk.
2. Reframing: Once I became aware of my negative self-talk, I began to reframe my thoughts. Instead of criticizing myself, I tried to be more compassionate and understanding
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South Africa embarking on a radical trasformation of education
and training.
The education and training system in South Africa is currently undergoing a significant change. The country is on a mission to create a more modern and relevant system that meets the needs of its population. The government is working to create a more inclusive system that provides access to education and training opportunities for everyone, regardless of their background or socio-economic status. This is in line with the country's broader goal of reducing poverty and inequality.
In recent years, there has been a significant focus on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in South Africa. The government has invested heavily in this area to ensure that people have the skills they need to succeed in the job market. This includes providing funding for TVET colleges and encouraging businesses to offer apprenticeships and internships. National skills fund is also established by South Africa. There has also been a shift towards more digital and online learning opportunities in South Africa. In conclusion, South Africa's transformation of education and training is an ongoing process. The country is committed to creating a system that is relevant, accessible, and effective in preparing people for the demands of the modern economy. This requires investment, innovation, and collaboration between all stakeholders, including the government, educators, employers, and learners.
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The Southern Gentry embraced the new religious ideas being spread around their region during the Great Awakening because the gentry thought it was a good idea that poor Whites and African Americans should be taught all humans were equal in the sight of God. True or False
The statement "The Southern Gentry embraced the new religious ideas being spread around their region during the Great Awakening because the gentry thought it was a good idea that poor Whites and African Americans should be taught all humans were equal in the sight of God" is FALSE.
The Southern Gentry embraced the new religious ideas being spread around their region during the Great Awakening because they thought it would help reinforce their authority and power over the common people. They saw the religious revival as a way to control the poor whites and African Americans and believed that it would bring them closer to God and make them more obedient to the wealthy.
They also believed that religion was a way to regulate social behavior and keep people in their proper place. This is why the wealthy gentry built and funded churches, paid for the salaries of ministers, and supported the Great Awakening.
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Leadership style of the Carousell CEO / senior management and
impact on the organizational performance (1500 words).Please
provide relevant answer only.
Carousell's leadership style has played a significant role in the company's success. Its focus on humility, respect, and innovation has helped to create a company culture that is supportive and empowering. By adapting to changes in the market and introducing new features and services, Carousell has been able to differentiate itself from its competitors and grow rapidly.
Carousell is a Singaporean multinational consumer-to-consumer marketplace, a classifieds mobile app for iOS and Android platforms. Its CEO and co-founder is Quek Siu Rui. The company's senior management has had a significant impact on its organizational performance.
The leadership style of Carousell's CEO and senior management is based on a few core values, such as humility, respect, and trust. Quek Siu Rui has said that he seeks to lead by example, listening to his employees, and being open to feedback. This approach has helped to create a company culture that is both supportive and empowering. Carousell's senior management has emphasized the importance of transparency and accountability, with regular town hall meetings and open communication channels.
The company's leadership style is also characterized by its focus on innovation and agility. Carousell's CEO and senior management have been quick to adapt to changes in the market, such as the shift towards mobile commerce. They have also been proactive in introducing new features and services to their platform, such as Carousell Groups and Carousell Protection.
Carousell's leadership style has had a significant impact on the company's performance. The company has experienced rapid growth since its founding in 2012, expanding into multiple markets in Asia and acquiring several companies along the way. In 2020, Carousell reported a 157% increase in gross merchandise value compared to the previous year. Carousell's emphasis on innovation has also helped to differentiate it from its competitors.
The company has introduced several features that have been popular with users, such as its chat feature and its ability to search for items using images. This focus on innovation has helped Carousell to attract new users and retain existing ones.
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Who has the primary responsibility for delivering a project in accordance with the contract documents?
The contractor is responsible for ensuring that the project is completed in compliance with the specifications and requirements outlined in the contract documents.
Delivering a project in accordance with contract documents means that the contractor is responsible for ensuring that the project is completed in accordance with the specifications, drawings, and other requirements outlined in the contract documents.
The contractor must ensure that the work is done in compliance with the applicable building codes and industry standards and that the project is completed on time and within budget.
The contractor is responsible for coordinating the activities of the subcontractors, suppliers, and other parties involved in the project to ensure that the work is carried out efficiently and effectively.
The contractor must also ensure that all required permits and approvals are obtained and that the project site is safe and secure for workers and visitors.
In summary, the contractor has the primary responsibility for delivering a project in accordance with the contract documents.
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Religious freedom is recognized in international law as a human right in which document?
Religious freedom is recognized as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
This international document, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, outlines fundamental rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a landmark document that sets out a comprehensive range of human rights. Article 18 of the UDHR specifically addresses religious freedom. It states that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, including the freedom to manifest their religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.
This provision recognizes the importance of respecting an individual's right to hold and express their religious beliefs without discrimination or coercion. The UDHR serves as a foundational document in the field of international human rights law and has been influential in shaping subsequent treaties and conventions related to human rights.
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22. The best interpretation of a positive result in a preferential looking study is that infants a. like to see some displays more than others. b. can distinguish between two displays. с are born with certain visual preferences (e.g., something over nothing). d. look longer at the familiar display over the unfamiliar display 23. Anna wants to try out what she learned in class about conditioning on her friend. She decides that she is going to focus on the behavior of crying while cutting onions. This behavior
A preferential looking study provides insight into infants' visual preferences. A positive result in a preferential looking study suggests that infants can distinguish between two displays.
A preferential looking study involves presenting infants with two different images and seeing whether they look longer at one over the other. This technique is widely used to investigate infants' visual preferences and is considered a reliable measure. When an infant looks at one display more than the other, it is taken to suggest that the infant has a visual preference for that display.
Therefore, the best interpretation of a positive result in a preferential looking study is that infants like to see some displays more than others, not that they are born with certain visual preferences.
In other words, a positive result suggests that infants can distinguish between the two displays and that they have a preference for one of the displays over the other. This does not necessarily mean that they are born with these preferences, but rather that they develop them through experience and exposure.
Therefore, a positive result in a preferential looking study provides insight into infants' visual perception and can help us understand how they process visual information.
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What should the nurse do to prevent the most common adverse effect of long-term aspirin therapy?
To prevent the most common adverse effect of long-term aspirin therapy, the nurse should take the following steps:
1. Assess the patient's medical history: Before starting aspirin therapy, the nurse should thoroughly review the patient's medical history to identify any contraindications or previous adverse reactions to aspirin.
2. Monitor the patient's renal function: Regular monitoring of the patient's renal function is essential to identify any signs of renal impairment or kidney damage, which can be a common adverse effect of long-term aspirin therapy.
3. Educate the patient on the importance of regular check-ups: The nurse should emphasize the need for regular follow-up visits to assess the patient's response to aspirin therapy and to detect any early signs of adverse effects.
4. Advise the patient on proper dosing:
5. Promote gastrointestinal protection: Aspirin can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
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One of hofstede's social values that was developed later is? a. collectivism. b. uncertainty avoidance. c. power distance. d. long-term orientation. e. masculinity.
The social value developed later by Hofstede is d. long-term orientation. Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework that analyzes and compares cultural values across different countries.
The original four dimensions proposed by Hofstede were power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance. Later on, Hofstede expanded his theory to include a fifth dimension known as long-term orientation.
This dimension refers to the extent to which a society values long-term planning, persistence, and perseverance. It contrasts with short-term orientation, which emphasizes immediate gratification and traditional values.
The addition of long-term orientation as a cultural dimension provides a more comprehensive understanding of cultural differences and their impact on various aspects of society.
Therefore, The correct option is d.
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When multiple intravenous push and piggyback medications are delivered via the same line they need to be separated with normal saline. what is the reason for this?
When multiple intravenous push and piggyback medications are delivered via the same line, they need to be separated with normal saline.
This is done to prevent incompatibility issues between medications. Incompatibility occurs when two or more medications react with each other, potentially causing changes in their effectiveness or even harmful reactions. By separating the medications with normal saline, the risk of incompatibility is minimized.
The normal saline acts as a buffer, preventing direct contact between the medications and reducing the chances of chemical reactions. This practice ensures the safety and effectiveness of each medication being administered. In separating medications with normal saline helps to avoid incompatibility issues when multiple intravenous medications are given through the same line.
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"You can go to recess with the others after you finish your math homework" is an example of O conditioned reinforcement O contingent reinforcement O the Premack Principle O contracting
The sentence "You can go to recess with the others after you finish your math homework" is an example of contingent reinforcement. Contingent reinforcement refers to the situation in which a specific response is reinforced only when a particular stimulus is present.
Therefore, it is correct to say that the sentence "You can go to recess with the others after you finish your math homework" is an example of contingent reinforcement. In this case, the student's ability to engage in the desired activity of going to recess is dependent on whether or not the math homework has been completed.
Yes, the sentence "You can go to recess with the others after you finish your math homework" exemplifies contingent reinforcement. By linking the desired activity of going to recess with the completion of math homework, it creates a stimulus-response relationship where the student is motivated to complete their homework to access the rewarding stimulus of recess. Thus, This serves as a powerful motivator for the student to complete their homework promptly and efficiently.
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According to Piaget, an individual who entertains himself by solving logic puzzles must be in which of the following cognitive stages of development?
a.Formal Operational
b.Concrete Operational
c.Sensorimotor
d.Preoperational
According to Piaget, an individual who entertains himself by solving logic puzzles must be in the Formal Operational cognitive stage of development.
Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who is famous for his theory of cognitive development. He believed that children's minds develop through distinct stages, each of which has its unique characteristics and abilities. The four cognitive stages of development according to Piaget are:
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage
According to Piaget, children develop the ability to think logically and abstractly during the formal operational stage, which starts at the age of 12. This cognitive stage lasts throughout adulthood. An individual who entertains himself by solving logic puzzles must be in the Formal Operational cognitive stage of development.
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1. Rubber is a natural product produced by plants. Natural rubber is an essential raw material used to create many products such as surgical gloves, aircrafts, tires and toys. As of 2019, Malaysia is
Rubber, a natural product derived from plants, is a vital raw material** utilized in the production of diverse products like surgical gloves, aircraft, tires, and toys. Malaysia, as of 2019, holds a significant position in the production and export of rubber.
Rubber, being a natural product, is sourced from rubber trees through a process called tapping. This raw material is of immense importance due to its unique properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Its elasticity, durability, and resistance to wear and tear make it an ideal choice for various products, contributing to their performance and longevity. From critical medical supplies like surgical gloves to essential transportation components such as aircraft tires, rubber plays a crucial role.
In the global rubber industry, Malaysia has established itself as a major player. The country boasts favorable conditions for rubber cultivation, including a tropical climate and fertile soil. These factors, along with a well-developed infrastructure and expertise in rubber production, have made Malaysia a leading producer and exporter. The nation's significant contribution to the rubber sector has bolstered its economy and reputation in the international market.
As of 2019, Malaysia's position in the rubber industry is notable. It possesses the necessary resources, knowledge, and infrastructure to meet global demands and cater to various sectors relying on rubber-based products. The country's active participation in the rubber market not only supports its economic growth but also helps sustain industries worldwide that rely on this versatile material.
In summary, rubber's status as a natural product and its versatile applications across industries make it an invaluable raw material. Malaysia's active involvement in rubber production and export reinforces its position in the global market, ensuring the availability of rubber-based products that are integral to numerous sectors.
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Statistical analyses can be applied to a content analysis by first counting occurrences of:
a. Words
b. Themes
c. Phrases
d. Any of the above
Statistical analyses can be applied to a content analysis by first counting occurrences of: Words, Themes, and Phrases. So, option d is correct.
Statistical analyses can be applied to a content analysis by counting occurrences of various elements, including words, themes, and phrases. The choice of what to count depends on the specific research question and the objectives of the content analysis. Researchers may choose to count the frequency of specific words or phrases to examine their prevalence in the analyzed content.
Alternatively, they may identify and count themes to understand patterns or relationships within the content. The use of statistical analyses allows researchers to quantify and analyze these occurrences systematically, providing insights into the underlying patterns, trends, and associations within the content being analyzed. So, option d is correct.
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You have been asked to develop a program of sensory stimulation and motor skill development for infants who are confined long-term in crowded shelters due to a severe hurricane and its aftermath. What kinds of experiences would you create to support sensory and motor skill development?
To develop a program of sensory stimulation and motor skill development for infants who are confined long-term in crowded shelters due to a severe hurricane and its aftermath, the following are some experiences you could create to support sensory and motor skill development.
Physical development:
1. Tummy time: This helps the infants to strengthen their neck, arms and back muscles. It is important to provide tummy time on a soft mat to avoid any injuries.
2. Playing with soft toys: Toys with different textures can be used to develop the sense of touch. It would also be helpful to play with toys that have different sizes and shapes as it helps with hand-eye coordination.
3. Rolling exercises: This is essential as it helps the infants to develop their abdominal muscles. By placing toys at a distance, it motivates the infants to move their body to get the toys.
4. Crawling exercises: Place soft toys at a distance to encourage infants to crawl towards it. This exercise would help in their muscle development.
5. Walking: As the infants grow, walking exercises would help in their motor skill development.
However, it is important to provide them with a soft floor or a mat to avoid any injuries.
Sensory development:
1. Music and sounds: Playing soft music or sounds such as bird chirping helps in the development of their hearing senses.
2. Finger puppets and books: Finger puppets with different textures, colors and sounds can be used to develop their visual and hearing senses. Books with bright pictures would also help with their visual senses.
3. Playdough: The different textures and shapes of playdough can be used to develop their sense of touch.
4. Tasting exercises: Offering different healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables helps in the development of their sense of taste. However, it is important to avoid choking hazards by ensuring that the food is cut into small pieces.
5. Sensory bags: Sensory bags with different objects inside such as water, sand or pasta would help in their sensory development.
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Question 1 1.1 Define Inclusive Education. (5) 1.2 Discuss the following theories underpinning Inclusive Education. 1.2.1 Critical theory and its key principles. (5) 1.2.2 African philosophies and its key principles. (5) 1.2.3 Social constructivism and its key principles. (5) 24 1.3 Critically analyse the different epistemologies informing different theoretical assumptions in Inclusive Education. (15) Question 2 2.1 Critically analyse the progress of the implementation of policies and legislation on Inclusive Education in South Africa or any other country of your choice. Provide a critical analysis of the policies related to Inclusive Education. Why do you think that many countries, including South Africa, are failing to implement these policies? (10) 2.2 State the most important points on the Salamanca Statement. (5) 2.3 State the declarations made by the following international policies and legislation on Inclusive Education. 2.3.1 Universal declaration of Human Rights (united Nations 1948). (2) 2.3.2 Convention on the rights of the Child (United Nations 1989). (2) 2.3 3 World Declaration on Education for All (United Nations 1990). (2) 2.3.4 Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for persons with Disabilities (United Nations 1993). (2) 2.5 Give eight (8) requirements for the advancement of social cohesion and democracy. (8) Question 3 3.1 Define quality education in context. (14) 3.2 Describe strategies to achieve quality education through the implementation of Inclusive Education. (10) 3.3 Discuss the most significant principles of Inclusive Education. (10)
1.1 Inclusive Education refers to an approach where all students, regardless of their abilities or backgrounds, are provided with equal opportunities to learn and participate in mainstream educational settings.
1.2.1 Critical theory, in the context of Inclusive Education, focuses on examining power dynamics and social structures that perpetuate inequality, aiming to challenge and transform oppressive educational systems through principles such as social justice, equity, and critical consciousness.
1.2.2 African philosophies in Inclusive Education draw on indigenous knowledge, communal values, and Ubuntu principles to create inclusive and culturally responsive learning environments that value interconnectedness, collectivism, and the holistic development of learners.
1.2.3 Social constructivism in Inclusive Education posits that knowledge is constructed through social interactions and that learning is an active process where learners actively engage with their environment, collaborate with others, and construct meaning.
1.3 Epistemologies in Inclusive Education encompass a range of theoretical assumptions that influence how knowledge is perceived, generated, and applied in educational practices, including positivism, interpretivism, critical theory, and poststructuralism.
Inclusive Education is an educational philosophy and practice that aims to ensure that every student, regardless of their diverse needs or characteristics, can access and fully participate in quality education. It promotes the idea that all students should be educated together in regular classrooms, rather than being segregated based on their differences. Inclusive Education emphasizes the removal of barriers to learning and the provision of appropriate support and accommodations to meet the diverse needs of students.
Critical theory provides a framework for understanding and analyzing the social, cultural, and political forces that shape education. Its key principles in the context of Inclusive Education involve questioning and challenging dominant ideologies, power structures, and discriminatory practices that marginalize certain groups of students. It aims to promote social justice, equity, and inclusivity by addressing systemic barriers, fostering critical consciousness among educators and students, and empowering marginalized individuals and communities.
African philosophies inform Inclusive Education by emphasizing the importance of community, collaboration, and interconnectedness in the learning process. These philosophies recognize the cultural diversity within African societies and advocate for inclusive practices that respect and value local knowledge, languages, and traditions. Ubuntu, a central concept in African philosophies, promotes the belief that individuals' humanity is interconnected, emphasizing compassion, empathy, and respect for others.
Social constructivism as a theory in Inclusive Education emphasizes the importance of social interactions, collaboration, and active engagement in the learning process. It recognizes that knowledge is not simply transmitted from teachers to students, but is actively constructed by learners through their interactions with others and their environment. Social constructivist principles in Inclusive Education promote learner-centered approaches, cooperative learning, and the creation of inclusive classroom communities where students can actively participate, exchange ideas, and construct their understanding of the world.
Different epistemologies shape the theoretical assumptions in Inclusive Education, which in turn influence educational practices and approaches. Positivism emphasizes the use of scientific methods and objective knowledge, while interpretivism focuses on subjective meanings and social interactions. Critical theory highlights power dynamics and social structures, and poststructuralism questions fixed meanings and challenges dominant discourses. These epistemological perspectives inform the ways in which educators understand and address issues of inclusion, equity, and diversity in education.
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Please answer the following with an essay.
Define the theories of social class position by Max Weber and Karl Marx. In what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different? Which one do you believe best explains social class position in 2020 America?
Max Weber and Karl Marx are two theorists that developed different theories of social class position. Weber’s view sees social class as a hierarchy stratified by money and power, whereas Marx saw society divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Both theories make use of the notion of inequality and stratification in society. The differences between the two become evident when looking at the cause and nature of social class. Weber’s system was based on not just material differences, but also economic and social status. He also focused heavily on the ‘entrepreneurial spirit’ needed for success.
Whereas Marx saw class based purely on economic differences, with the bourgeoisie as the owners of the means of production, and the proletariat as the labour class. In 2020 America, I believe Marx’s theory is best able to explain social class position.
Despite the emphasis of Weber’s theory on hard work and success, the economic inequality between the bourgeoisie and proletariat still remains a powerful factor in the world today. Wealth and power remain major determinants of social class, and Marx’s materialistic approach accurately captures this.
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where and how does manipulated media play a role in
your life? Do you like to create or consume eduted or manipulated
images or videos?
Manipulated media plays a significant role in various aspects of our lives, including social media, advertising, and entertainment.
While some individuals enjoy creating or consuming edited or manipulated images and videos, others approach it with caution due to concerns about authenticity, misinformation, and ethical implications.
Manipulated media has become prevalent in our daily lives, particularly in the era of social media. It is often used to enhance or alter images and videos for various purposes, such as creating visually appealing content, artistic expression, or even spreading misinformation.
Many people enjoy creating or consuming edited or manipulated media as a form of entertainment or self-expression. They may use photo editing apps, filters, or video editing software to enhance their personal photos or videos.
However, there are valid concerns associated with manipulated media. It can contribute to the spread of misinformation and the creation of unrealistic beauty standards. It can also be used maliciously to deceive or manipulate others.
Therefore, individuals should approach edited or manipulated media with caution and critical thinking, verifying the credibility and authenticity of the content before drawing conclusions or sharing it with others. It is important to be mindful of the potential ethical implications and the impact it may have on our perception of reality.
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__________ are ideas that people accept as true about how the world operates and about the place of the individual.
Beliefs are ideas that people accept as true about how the world operates and about the place of the individual.
Beliefs are thoughts that individuals accept as true regarding how the world operates and their own position within it. These beliefs can be influenced by personal experiences, biases, or cultural traditions. For instance, individuals may hold the belief that the Earth is flat or round based on their personal perspectives. People generally form beliefs by evaluating perceived evidence, weighing the supporting and opposing factors, and making a judgment about the truthfulness of an idea. Even when presented with contradictory evidence, individuals often cling to their beliefs if they find the supporting evidence compelling enough. In summary, beliefs are the ideas individuals hold as true about the functioning of the world and their role within it.
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Describe a time when conservatism consumes a decision of a person, how does it alter their decision?
Conservatism and its modernizing, against conservative adversaries, progressivism and communism, are the most persuasive political ways of thinking and philosophies of the post-Enlightenment time.
Conservatism alters decision-making by prioritizing tradition and stability over change and innovation.
How does conservatism shape a person's decision-making process?Conservatism influences decision-making by emphasizing the preservation of tradition, stability, and established norms.
When conservatism consumes a decision, individuals tend to lean towards maintaining the status quo rather than embracing change or taking risks.
This can manifest in various ways, such as favoring familiar approaches or resisting new ideas and reforms.
Conservative thinkers often value continuity and order, valuing the wisdom of the past and being cautious of rapid societal transformations.
This mindset can lead individuals to be more hesitant in adopting progressive or radical solutions, favoring incremental changes instead.
However, it is essential to note that the impact of conservatism on decision-making can vary depending on individual perspectives and contexts.
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Choose a current event and or personal experience that
you can relate to the readings:
Write an APA formatted paper
Journal on Human Genetics.
Minimum 1300 words.
Human genetics refers to the study of inherited genes, genetic variation, and the manner in which these genetic components relate to different physiological and pathological conditions in human beings (The Human Genome Project, 2017).
The paper focuses on a current event related to human genetics, namely the rise of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. The objective of the paper is to discuss the history, benefits, ethical concerns, and potential future developments of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. History of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Direct-to-consumer genetic testing is a new concept that was introduced in the 1990s when the Human Genome Project was launched. The first company to offer this service was Gene Tree, which started operating in 1997 (Carroll, 2019).
Benefits of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic TestingDirect-to-consumer genetic testing has several benefits, including the following:
Personalized medicine: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing enables individuals to understand their genetic makeup and identify the potential risk factors for different medical conditions.
Genealogy research: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing enables individuals to trace their ancestry and learn more about their ethnic background.
Reproductive health: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing enables individuals to identify genetic mutations that may be passed down to their children.
Ethical Concerns of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic TestingDirect-to-consumer genetic testing has also raised several ethical concerns, including the following:
Accuracy of results: Some genetic testing companies have been criticized for providing inaccurate or misleading results to their clients.
Informed consent: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing may not always obtain informed consent from their clients, particularly when the test results have implications on other family members.
Data privacy: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies may share their clients' genetic information with third-party companies without their clients' consent.
Future Developments of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic TestingThe future developments of direct-to-consumer genetic testing are likely to focus on the following areas:
Wider range of tests: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies are likely to offer a wider range of tests that can identify more genetic markers associated with different medical conditions.
Integration with electronic health records: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing is likely to be integrated with electronic health records to enable healthcare providers to offer more personalized medical care.
Conclusion, direct-to-consumer genetic testing has several benefits, including personalized medicine, genealogy research, and reproductive health. However, it also raises several ethical concerns, such as accuracy of results, informed consent, and data privacy. Future developments of direct-to-consumer genetic testing are likely to focus on a wider range of tests and integration with electronic health records. The regulation of direct-to-consumer genetic testing is, therefore, essential to protect consumers' interests and ensure that the results are accurate and reliable.
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identify 2 to 3 significant elements of love that are missing from
the wheel theory of love.
Two significant elements of love that are missing from the wheel theory of love are vulnerability and growth.
The wheel theory of love, developed by Ira Reiss, outlines six stages that individuals typically experience in a romantic relationship: rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, personality need fulfillment, self-actualization, and fulfillment of social needs. While the theory provides a useful framework for understanding the progression of love, it overlooks certain crucial aspects.
One significant element missing from the wheel theory of love is vulnerability. Love often entails opening oneself up emotionally, allowing for intimacy and deep connection. Vulnerability involves being authentic and letting down defenses, which fosters trust and emotional bonding. It is through vulnerability that individuals can truly experience the rawness and authenticity of love, creating a sense of safety and acceptance within the relationship.
Another missing element is growth. Love has the power to transform individuals and relationships. As people navigate through the stages of love, they often encounter challenges and opportunities for personal and relational growth. Love prompts self-reflection, encourages personal development, and inspires individuals to become better versions of themselves. The wheel theory does not explicitly address this transformative aspect of love, which is an essential component for long-lasting and fulfilling relationships.
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5.Seventeen-year-old Maria has often watched her grandmother cook, and helps her a little with the simpler tasks. One Sunday evening, Maria’s grandmother unexpectedly falls ill, and no other family member is available to cook for the extended family’s weekly get-together. To her surprise, Maria is able to cook one of the family’s favorite meals, and gets compliments on the results. This scenario exemplifies:
a.classical conditioning
b.operant conditioning
c.observational learning
d.None of the above.
The option that best exemplifies the scenario described in the statement above is Observational Learning. The correct option is (C).
Observational learning is the procedure of acquiring knowledge and habits by witnessing others. It includes the acquisition of information, behaviors, or abilities by watching others instead of by direct practice. Observational learning can be useful when a person can't learn effectively by other methods, such as during childhood development.
A great example of observational learning is the scenario described in the question, where Maria was able to cook one of the family’s favorite meals, thanks to her observation of her grandmother's cooking processes. The correct option is (C).
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A researcher conducts an experiment using a team of engineers. She administers the same survey to a different set of engineers from a separate company. She finds that her conclusions are the same. She has demonstrated external validity soundness of research design reliability O internal validity
The researcher in this scenario has demonstrated external validity. External validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized or applied to a larger population or real-world settings beyond the specific sample or context studied.
By administering the same survey to a different set of engineers from a separate company and finding the same conclusions, the researcher shows that her findings are externally valid as they can be generalized to a broader population of engineers.
Soundness of research design refers to the overall quality and robustness of the research design, including factors such as proper sampling, appropriate measurement tools, and adequate control of confounding variables. Reliability, on the other hand, pertains to the consistency and stability of the measurements or results obtained in a study. Internal validity relates to the extent to which the observed effects in a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other factors.
While the researcher's findings being the same in a different group of engineers may indicate some level of reliability or internal validity, it primarily demonstrates external validity as it supports the generalizability of the research findings to a larger population.
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