In this context, the most likely reason why the dominant plants in the deserts found at 30 degrees north and south of the equator look very similar is the climate condition prevailing in those regions.
Deserts are dry areas with high temperatures and low rainfall. The plants and animals that inhabit these areas are adaptable to the harsh conditions that exist in deserts. The deserts found at 30 degrees north and south of the equator are called subtropical deserts. The dominant plants found in these regions are succulents. These are plants that store water in their stems, leaves, and roots.
The climate condition in the deserts found at 30 degrees north and south of the equator is hot and arid. These regions receive little rainfall, and the temperatures are high throughout the year. The plants that thrive in these conditions must be able to conserve water and have the ability to withstand high temperatures.
The similarity in the appearance of the dominant plants in the deserts found at 30 degrees north and south of the equator can be attributed to the similar climate conditions in those regions. The harsh climate condition in those regions makes it difficult for plants to survive.
Thus, the dominant plants that are found in those regions have adaptations that help them survive in the harsh environment.
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after a meal of raw oysters, a woman begins to feel numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. by the time she gets to the hospital, she can no longer move and is having difficulty breathing. the lab finds a protist with two flagella. the organism is a(n)
A (n) dinoflagellate protist with two flagella is discovered in the laboratory.
Valyl-tRNA synthetase phylogeny reveals the secondary absence of mitochondria in Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis.
phylum of the kingdom Protista made up of organisms that are commonly referred to as brown algae. A significant number of the world's recognizable kelp are individuals from Phaeophyta.
Diatoms are photosynthetic, unicellular protists that thrive in moist and aquatic environments. The two parts of their cell wall are made of silica, and they fit together like a petri dish. The shell of diatoms is known as a frustule.
Diatoms are plant-like protists. A symmetrical structure made of silica covers them. They include a wide variety of protists that resemble plants and are found in a variety of seaweed types.
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what happens in our bodies when we eat the carbohydrates made by plants (like starch)? what part of the cell does this process happen in
Our body absorbs carbohydrates or sugars from the foods that we eat like that of starch. This happens in the small intestine.
When we consume plant-based carbohydrates, such as starch, our bodies convert them into simple sugars, which are then taken into the bloodstream. As a result, our body generates the hormone insulin, which helps our cells to absorb sugar from the blood and either use it right away or store it for later. The small intestine is the location of this procedure.
Other forms of carbohydrates, such as polysaccharides, other than sugars, are composed of long chains of monosaccharides or disaccharides that are bonded together in a variety of combinations that are frequently quite complicated. They typically contain between 10 and several thousand chains of monosaccharides.
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what type of microscope would you use to visulize a sample labeled with and antibody conjugated to a fluorescent tag?dissectioncompoundconfocalelectron
Direct observation of fluorescently labelled proteins within cells is possible with fluorescence microscopy. Epi-fluorescence microscopes, which take use of the fact that both the fluorescence's excitation and observation take place above the sample.
The majority of people utilise a Xenon or Mercury arc-discharge lamp as their light source. By tagging molecules with certain antibodies, immuno-electron microscopy is utilised to locate molecules at the ultrastructural level. Electron-opaque markers (colloidal gold particles) linked to the antibodies allow for their visualisation. An immunolabeling method that is often employed is scanning electron microscopy. High resolution surface detection of cellular constituents is possible with SEM.
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what type of microscope would you use to visulize a sample labeled with and antibody conjugated to a fluorescent tag?
Which group makes up most of the world’s animals?
fish
insects
mammals
amphibians
Answer: Insect species make up one of the world's largest species...
Explanation:
The question is in the screenshot
Answer: A D F J
Explanation:
I THINK IM RIGHT HAVE A GREAT DAY
The true statements about the uses of fossil fuels are: A. some are burned to power vehicles. D. they are burned to generate electricity. F. they are burned to generate heat energy. H. some are made into plastics.
What are Fossil fuels?An energy source that is not renewable, fossil fuels are created from the remains of extinct plants and animals. Natural gas, oil, and coal are the three most widely used fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are used for a variety of things, such as manufacturing, heating, electrical generating, and transportation.
Energy is released during the burning of fossil fuels, and it can be used in a variety of ways. Electricity, which is produced by burning fossil fuels, is used to run factories, businesses, and residential buildings. Moreover, they are burned to create heat energy for inside home and building heating. Certain fossil fuels are also used to power transportation devices like cars and airplanes.
Plastics, which are widely used in many industries, are also produced using fossil fuels. Petroleum, a fossil fuel used to create plastics, is transformed into a variety of plastics through chemical processes.
In conclusion, fossil fuels have a wide range of applications and are crucial to contemporary society. Fossil fuel combustion, however, results in the release of greenhouse gases, which accelerate climate change. To lessen our reliance on fossil fuels and lessen their detrimental effects on the environment, it is crucial to research and invest in renewable energy sources.
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A model of two structures that perform cellular processes is shown. What are the
products of the cellular processes in these organelles?
The membrane-bound vesicular structures known as lysosomes, which also contain hydrolytic enzymes, serve as a model for structures that carry out cellular processes .
How do cells function?The term "cellular process" refers to any activity that takes place at the cellular level, albeit it need not be limited to a single cell or involve multiple cells in order to be considered a cellular process.
The close and self-reinforcing cross-talk and interdependence between histone that must be modified by the complexes and the various histone activities, such as acetylation and phosphorylation, have been found to regulate the cellular processes, mainly DNA replication and DNA repair.
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when antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following? multiple choice question. secondary infection focal infection superinfection biofilm
When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called superinfection. The correct option is option C.
Superinfection Antimicrobial therapy is the use of antimicrobial agents to treat or prevent bacterial infections. It may also be used as a preventive measure. However, when antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called superinfection. A superinfection happens when the microorganisms that cause infection develop resistance to the drug that is being used to treat it.
As a result, the infection becomes more difficult to treat. This can be due to the overuse of antibiotics or the prolonged use of antibiotics. Because antimicrobial agents eliminate a broad range of bacteria, they may also destroy normal flora, allowing for the growth of drug-resistant organisms. Antibiotic resistance occurs when the use of antibiotics promotes the development of resistance in bacteria. When antibiotic resistance occurs, the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic that was used to treat the initial infection.
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what advantages do cells with dna and rna have over those that only had rna? check all those that apply.
Cells with both DNA and RNA have several advantages over cells that only have RNA.
Genetic Stability: DNA provides genetic stability to cells by minimizing mutations during DNA replication, which helps to prevent errors in the genetic code.
Enhanced Information Storage: DNA is capable of storing much more genetic information than RNA due to its double helix structure.
Regulation of Gene Expression: DNA provides a mechanism for regulating gene expression, allowing cells to turn genes on or off in response to environmental cues or developmental needs.
Higher Fidelity: DNA replication is more accurate and less error-prone than RNA replication, resulting in higher fidelity in the transmission of genetic information.
Evolutionary Advantage: The ability to store genetic information in a stable manner and regulate gene expression has given cells with DNA a significant evolutionary advantage, leading to the development of complex multicellular organisms.
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if a fully clothed nariokotome boy were walking down the streets of new york city, which feature would indicate that he was part of the homo erectus species rather than a modern human?
A feature that would indicate that the fully clothed Nariokotome boy was part of the Homo erectus species rather than a modern human would be the cranial features.
The Homo erectus species is known to have distinctive cranial features that set it apart from modern humans. One of the most notable features is the sloping forehead, which is characterized by a receding forehead and a more pronounced brow ridge above the eyes.
This is in contrast to the high, vertical forehead of modern humans. Additionally, Homo erectus typically has a relatively large braincase, which suggests a higher level of brain development than earlier hominid species.
Other cranial features that distinguish Homo erectus from modern humans include a more robust cranial structure, with thicker bones and a larger overall size. The face of Homo erectus is also characterized by a more prominent jawline and larger teeth, which are adapted for a different diet than that of modern humans.
Overall, the cranial features of Homo erectus represent adaptations to a different environment and lifestyle than that of modern humans, and provide important clues to the evolution of our species over time.
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how do researchers produce whole genome sequences? group of answer choices genomes are sequenced in many overlapping fragments, which can be assembled by pairing their areas of overlap. by digesting the genome with restriction enzymes and then hybridizing it with the dna of a closely related organism. new pcr techniques allow entire chromosomes to be sequenced in a single continuous fragment.
Researchers produce whole genome sequences by sequencing genomes in many overlapping fragments, which can be assembled by pairing their areas of overlap.
Whole genome sequencing entails isolating the genome into more manageable, smaller bits and sequencing each one separately. High-throughput sequencing techniques, like Illumina sequencing, which can produce millions of short reads at once, are often used for this.
After the reads are produced, they are aligned and put together using specialized software tools that find regions of overlap and put them together into larger contiguous sequences, or contigs. The scaffolds that are created from these contigs after further assembly reveal information about the relative position and orientation of various genomic regions.
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Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence.
Noncoding DNA is the portion of DNA that does not code for proteins or RNA molecules but still plays important regulatory and structural roles in the genome.
What is the role of the DNA?DNA is the genetic material that contains the instructions for the development and function of living organisms.
Sexual reproduction is the process by which two individuals contribute genetic information to create a unique offspring.
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein.
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many single-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food. how could this make them predators? view available hint(s)for part a many single-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food. how could this make them predators? they rely on photosynthesis for energy. one major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey. they are able to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding environment. because they are motile, they stalk their prey. they secrete poisons to render their prey helpless.
Many single-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food as one major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey.
B is the correct answer.
A protist is a eukaryotic, unicellular creature. This indicates that each of them consists of a single cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus as well as other specialised structures. The kingdom Protista, which contains creatures like algae and various protozoans, includes protists.
Protists play a variety of roles in the ecological food chain, including main producers, sources of immediate food, and decomposers. In addition, a lot of protists are parasites of plants and animals that can kill people or damage crops that are worth a lot of money.
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The complete question is:
Many single-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food. how could this make them predators?
A) they rely on photosynthesis for energy.
B) one major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey.
C) they are able to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding environment.
D) because they are motile, they stalk their prey
E) they secrete poisons to render their prey helpless.
Which law is represented by the statement below? For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Every action has a corresponding and opposing response, according to Newton's third law of motion. The law specifies that
"When one body exerts a force on the other body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and acting in the opposite direction of the force that is exerted."
Nature exhibits a wide range of action-reaction pairs. These are a handful that we've listed:
A prime example of an action-reaction pair is the bird's flight. Air is forced downward by the bird's wings. The air is propelled upward by the air.A swimmer pushes against the water, which pushes back against the swimmer.Rock climbers use their vertical rope to pull themselves upward.Learn more about Newton here:
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Hello please help me fill in the blank ?
Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotic organisms.
There is scientific evidence that prokaryotic photosynthesis was responsible for the production of an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
Prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were later the basis for more complex organisms photosynthesis , including cyanobacteria and plant cells.
What is the role of a cyanobacteria in the ecosystem?Cyanobacteria play several important roles in the ecosystem. They are photosynthetic bacteria that can convert sunlight into energy, which makes them important primary producers in many aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Cyanobacteria are also able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by other organisms, which makes them important contributors to the nitrogen cycle.
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Image transcribed:
Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotic organisms. There is scientific _____ that prokaryotic photosynthesis was responsible for the production of an _____ atmosphere.
Prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were later the basis for _____ photosynthesis.
CYANOBACTERIA
PLANT CELL
7. which environments are hospitable to prokaryotic microorganisms? (0.25 points) a. garden soil b. highly acidic environments c. hot pools of water (nearly boiling) d. salt water e. all of these are correct.
Prokaryotic microorganisms are known for their ability to thrive in a wide range of environmental conditions, including garden soil, highly acidic environments, hot pools of water, and saltwater, the correct option is (e).
Garden soil, for instance, is an environment that supports a wide variety of microbial life, including prokaryotes. Highly acidic environments, such as those found in acid mine drainage or acidic soils, are also capable of supporting prokaryotes.
Hot pools of water, which can reach temperatures close to boiling, are home to a variety of thermophilic prokaryotes that have adapted to living in these extreme conditions. Finally, salt water is also a suitable environment for many types of prokaryotic microorganisms, including halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations, the correct option is (e).
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which procedure took the DNA from one sheep to produce a genetically identical lamb name dolly
1. selective breeding
2. gene therapy
3. artificial selection
4. cloning
Answer: Cloning
Explanation:
Replicating DNA to recreate an identical counterpart would be cloning.
2. Which statement describes a difference between the
nitrogen and carbon cycles?
a. The carbon cycle involves only plants.
b. The nitrogen cycle requires a process called fixation
that is carried out by certain bacteria.
c. The carbon cycle requires that temperatures be
above 27 °C (80 °F).
d. The nitrogen cycle occurs entirely in the ocean.
Answer:
Which statement describes a difference between the nitrogen and carbon cycles?
a. The carbon cycle involves only plants.b. The nitrogen cycle requires a process called fixation
that is carried out by certain bacteria.
c. The carbon cycle requires that temperatures be
above 27 °C (80 °F).
d. The nitrogen cycle occurs entirely in the ocean.
Explanation:
You're welcome.
how could a detrimental chromosome deletion persist in a population? group of answer choices a transposon replaces the deleted region if the deletion is not in the centromere, it is not fatal. there is a functional (non-mutated) homologous chromosome present. it could not persist. the organism would only survive if it were repaired quickly.
A detrimental chromosome deletion could persist in a population if there is a functional (non-mutated) homologous chromosome present. Option (3)
A detrimental chromosome deletion could persist in a population if there is a functional (non-mutated) homologous chromosome present that can compensate for the missing genetic material. In some cases, the deletion may not be fatal if it does not occur in a critical region, allowing affected individuals to survive and potentially pass on the deletion to their offspring.
However, the frequency of the deletion in the population would likely be reduced over time, as affected individuals may have reduced fitness compared to individuals without the deletion. The other answer choices are less likely, as a transposon replacement would require a specific genetic mechanism and the organism may not survive without repair.
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Full Question: how could a detrimental chromosome deletion persist in a population? group of answer choices
a transposon replaces the deleted region if the deletion is not in the centromere, it is not fatal. there is a functional (non-mutated) homologous chromosome present. it could not persist. the organism would only survive if it were repaired quickly.a scientist who studies how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species originated because of the survival value they had for our ancestors is called a(n)...
A scientist who studies how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species originated because of the survival value they had for our ancestors is called an evolutionary psychologist.
Evolutionary psychology is a science that seeks to explain human behavior and cognition as a result of evolutionary processes. It draws on insights from evolutionary biology, psychology, and anthropology to investigate the adaptive implications of human behavior.
Evolutionary psychologists study topics such as mate selection, parental investment, cooperation, aggression, and social cognition, among others, to understand how these behaviors contribute part of the reproductive and survival success of our ancestors.
By studying the evolution of human behavior, evolutionary psychologists aim to better understand the complex interplay between biology, culture, and environment that shapes us as a species.
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the term refers to the complete set of genes an organism possesses. a. genome b. eugenics c. phenotypic variance d. genotypic variance
Answer:
the term refers to the complete set of genes an organism possesses is genome
The correct option is a. genome. The term genome refers to the complete set of genes an organism possesses.
What is a genome?
A genome is an organism's entire genetic material, including both its genes and noncoding DNA, arranged in a specific sequence. For example, a human genome contains approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs and is made up of 23 chromosomes. Genes can be defined as the units of heredity that contain the information necessary to direct the synthesis of particular proteins, which are used to build and maintain cells and organisms. They are composed of DNA sequences that are transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Genome contains the complete set of genes that an organism possesses. These genes provide instructions for the production of proteins, which are the building blocks of all living things. Proteins perform a variety of functions within an organism, such as providing structural support, facilitating chemical reactions, and transporting molecules throughout the body.
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explain how the binding of transcription factors to promoter regions affects gene expression and/or the phenotype of the organism
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences, known as promoter regions, to regulate gene expression.
When transcription factors bind to a promoter region, they can either activate or repress the transcription of the associated gene.
If a transcription factor activates transcription, it enhances the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region, resulting in an increase in gene expression. This can lead to the production of more mRNA, which can then be translated into more protein, ultimately altering the phenotype of the organism.
Conversely, if a transcription factor represses transcription, it inhibits the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region, resulting in a decrease in gene expression. This can lead to the production of less mRNA and protein, ultimately altering the phenotype of the organism.
Therefore, the binding of transcription factors to promoter regions can have significant effects on gene expression and ultimately the phenotype of the organism.
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in the pollination video, what is the type of interaction called that is happening when two bees are feeding on the same flower?
Answer:
Mutualism
Explanation:
This benefits the plants. In this mutualistic relationship, the bees get to eat, and the flowering plants get to reproduce.
The type of interaction called that is happening when two bees are feeding on the same flower is competition.
What is pollination?
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or another flower. This enables fertilization, which is the union of male and female gametes. As a result, pollination plays a vital role in the reproduction of flowering plants.
How do bees interact during pollination?
During pollination, bees interact with flowers in a variety of ways. When bees visit flowers, they search for and feed on nectar and pollen. Bees employ various pollination techniques to collect nectar and pollen from flowers while searching for food.The most common form of interaction is mutualism, which is the process of both bees and flowers benefitting from their interactions. Another type of interaction that may occur when bees are feeding on flowers is competition. Bees may compete for resources like nectar, pollen, or access to a flower.
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why is the resting membrane potential negatively charged?why is the resting membrane potential negatively charged?more potassium ions move into the neuron than leak out.more potassium ions leak out of the neuron than move in.both sodium and potassium ions constantly move into the cell.more sodium ions leak out of the neuron than move in.
Option b. The resting membrane potential negatively charged because More potassium ions leak out of the neuron than move in.
The resting film potential is adversely charged on the grounds that more potassium particles move out of the neuron than spill in. Neurons use particle channels to direct the development of particles across their layer. The main particle channels for deciding the resting film potential are potassium channels. These channels permit potassium particles to move out of the cell down their focus inclination, making the inside of the cell more negative. Simultaneously, sodium-potassium siphons effectively transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, which additionally adds to the negative charge. This makes an electrochemical inclination, which gives the energy to the age of activity possibilities.
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The complete question is:
why is the resting membrane potential negatively charged? a. more potassium ions move into the neuron than leak out. b. more potassium ions leak out of the neuron than move in. c. both sodium and potassium ions constantly move into the cell. d more sodium ions leak out of the neuron than move in.
2. Which was not true about the first TV?
a. It could only show one color.
c. It did not have sound.
23) monitor the internal environment. a) endoceptors b) interoceptors c) exteroceptors d) special sensory receptors e) sensory ganglia
Interoceptors are sensory receptors that monitor the internal environment of the body. So, option B is correct.
Sensory receptors called interoceptors keep an eye on the body's inside environment, which includes the internal organs, blood vessels, and muscles. They provide messages to the brain to trigger the proper responses when they notice changes in things like temperature, blood pressure, and pH levels.
Contrarily, endoceptors are receptors that are found inside organs like the liver or heart and are crucial in controlling how those organs function.
Exteroceptors are sensory receptors that keep an eye on the environment outside, including pressure on the skin, temperature, and touch.
Particular sensory receptors are receptors that react to particular stimuli, such as light in the eyes, sound in the ears, taste in the mouth, and smell in the nose.
Outside the central nervous system, in structures called sensory ganglia, sensory information is received and processed before being sent to the brain.
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What scientific term describes Arion flagellus as an invasive species introduced from another country?
Answer:
The scientific term that describes Arion flagellus as an invasive species introduced from another country is "exotic invasive species". Exotic invasive species refer to non-native species that have been introduced to an ecosystem outside of their natural range, and they have the potential to cause harm to the environment, economy, and/or human health. In the case of Arion flagellus, it is a species of slug that is native to Europe but has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, where it is considered an invasive species.
if an organism had a genome made up of 20,000 base pairs, how many bases (as, ts, cs, and gs) does it actually have? if you know that there are 4,000 ts, how many cs? as? gs?
An organism with a genome made up of 20,000 base pairs means it has a total of 40,000 individual bases. This is because each base pair consists of two complementary bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G).
So, there are 16,000 Cs and 16,000 Gs in the genome.
Now, let's determine the number of other bases given there are 4,000 Ts.
Since Cs pair with Gs, there should be an equal number of Cs and Gs. To find this number, divide the remaining bases by 2:
32,000 remaining bases / 2 = 16,000
In summary, in the organism's genome with 20,000 base pairs, there are:
- 4,000 Ts
- 4,000 As
- 16,000 Cs
- 16,000 Gs
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a 68 kda protein comprised of 610 amino acids contains in total three methionines (all solvent exposed) at positions 1, 90, and 520. the protein is subjected to hydrolysis by cyanogen bromide and subsequently run through a size exclusion chromatography column, with a size exclusion limit of 200 kda. the total number of peaks in the chromatogram will be
The protein is subjected to hydrolysis by cyanogen bromide, which cleaves the polypeptide chain at the carboxyl side of methionine residues, generating smaller peptides.
In this case, the protein has three methionines at positions 1, 90, and 520, so it will be cleaved into four fragments:
Fragment 1: From the N-terminus to methionine 1
Fragment 2: From methionine 1 to methionine 90
Fragment 3: From methionine 90 to methionine 520
Fragment 4: From methionine 520 to the C-terminus
The size exclusion chromatography column has a size exclusion limit of 200 kDa, meaning that molecules larger than 200 kDa will elute first, followed by smaller molecules. The molecular weight of the protein is 68 kDa, which is below the size exclusion limit, so it will elute later than larger molecules but earlier than smaller molecules.
Since the protein is cleaved into four fragments, each fragment will have a different molecular weight and will elute at a different time. Therefore, we expect to see four peaks in the chromatogram corresponding to each fragment. However, we don't know the size of each fragment, so we cannot predict the order or position of the peaks.
Therefore, the total number of peaks in the chromatogram will be four.
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You have an old washing machine and it requires 900 Joules of energy to give out 45 Joules of energy. What is its efficiency?
If I have an old washing machine and it requires 900 Joules of energy to give out 45 Joules of energy Then its efficiency will be 5%.
What is energy ?
Energy is nothing but the ability to do work. there are different energies in different form which are thermal energy, mechanical energy, electric energy and sound energy etc. According to first law of thermodynamic, Energy neither be created nor be destroyed. it can only be transferred from one form into another form. in case of Fan 1, Electric energy is given to it but it makes a squeaking noise while running. It means that it transfer some amount of total energy in sound energy and remaining for mechanical energy.
Efficiency is nothing but a measure of how much an efficient an machine or device is. It is denoted by η. it is a dimensionless quantity. It is given by,
Efficiency η = Output Energy/ Input Energy ×100%
η = 45/900 ×100%
η = 5%
The efficiency of this washing machine is 5%.
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true or false. in lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation, glycolysis takes place just like it does in aerobic cellular respiration.
Answer:
false
Explanation:
fermentation takes place in anaerobic respiration...(non oxygen requiring..) and lactic acid..
but glycolysis takes place both..
True, in lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation, glycolysis takes place just like it does in aerobic cellular respiration.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. It is the anaerobic process that produces energy (ATP) from glucose. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, regardless of whether the cell is eukaryotic or prokaryotic. The process is followed by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, which is determined by the availability of oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, the cell undergoes anaerobic respiration.
In the case of anaerobic respiration, either lactic acid or alcohol fermentation occurs. Alcohol fermentation: It is a type of anaerobic respiration that takes place in yeast and some bacteria. It produces alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) from sugar (glucose).In this process, pyruvate, which is the product of glycolysis, is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) by enzymes.
The CO2 that is produced is used by bakers to leaven bread. Lactic acid fermentation: It is a type of anaerobic respiration that takes place in some fungi and bacteria, as well as in animal muscle cells. It produces lactic acid and energy from sugar (glucose).In this process, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes. When a person performs an intense workout, the body’s oxygen supply is depleted, which causes the muscles to undergo lactic acid fermentation. This causes muscle pain or stiffness in the body.
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