The Geneva Conventions may not have applied to US counterterrorism initiatives in two instances.
What was the first instance?The first instance was the capture and detention of Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The US argued that these individuals were not entitled to prisoner of war status because they were unlawful combatants and therefore did not meet the criteria outlined in the Geneva Conventions.
The second instance was the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, on suspected terrorists. The US argued that these techniques did not constitute torture and were necessary to protect national security.
However, critics argued that the US violated international law and the principles of human rights by disregarding the Geneva Conventions in these instances.
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Which of the following best describes Islamic empires during the postclassical period
Islamic empires during the post-classical period were characterized by a vast array of cultural and political
What is political?A country's or region's management and governance are referred to as political activities, ideas, attitudes, and behaviours. This includes the actions taken by people, teams, and organisations to affect the choices made by a government or other institutions, as well as their policies and laws. Political actions can be taken to sway public opinion and decision-making, such as lobbying, campaigning, voting, protesting, raising money, and organising.
Despite allowing for a variety of regional and ethnic distinctions to be maintained, Islamic empires were distinguished by a strong sense of religious and cultural unity. Islamic empires in the post-classical era were typically characterised by significant levels of economic, scientific, and technological progress as well as a strong emphasis on religious tolerance.
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Complete question:
Which of the following best describes Islamic empires during the postclassical period?
a. They spread Islamic culture through only nonviolent means and refused to maintain a military.
b. They limited scientific research, as it often conflicted with the Quran’s teachings.
c. They produced important advances in mathematics, science, and medicine.
d. They created a vast empire and forced their subjects to become practicing Muslims.
What went wrong with the Bay of Pigs invasion?
Brigade 2506, which had just arrived at beaches near the Bay of Pigs, was immediately attacked heavily.
What is Way of the Pigs?When analysing reconnaissance photos, CIA analysts had missed coral reefs in the Shallow waters in the Bay of Pigs caused landing craft to move slowly and rendered two boats unusable.
In addition, an offshore frogman's red signal light unintentionally flickered.
CIA analysts had overlooked coral reefs in the shallow waters of the Bay of Pigs when analysing reconnaissance photos, which caused landing craft to slow down and rendered two boats inoperable.. Additionally, a frogman's red signal light that was offshore unintentionally flickered.
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PLEASE HELP 20 POINTS AND WILL MARK
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Answer the question in 4 synthesis paragraphs bellow with ONLY the sources provided bellow:
Question: How did African American families cope with the effects of Jim Crow segregation?
SOURCES:
1. Excerpt from "The Souls of Black Folk" by W.E.B. Du Bois (1903)
2. Photograph of a segregated water fountain North Carolina (1950)
3. Excerpt from "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
5. Excerpt from "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" by Malcolm X (1965)
6. Political cartoon "School begins" by John McCutcheon (1954)
7. Excerpt from the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
8. Excerpt from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Thank you :)
Answer:
African American families faced numerous challenges in coping with the effects of Jim Crow segregation. The social and legal system of Jim Crow denied them basic civil rights, leading to significant discrimination and marginalization. The primary objective of Jim Crow was to maintain racial segregation and enforce white supremacy. In his book, "The Souls of Black Folk," W.E.B. Du Bois wrote about the psychological effects of segregation, the feeling of being "a problem" rather than a person. He described how the system created a double consciousness, where African Americans had to maintain their identity while simultaneously measuring it against the white gaze.
Segregation laws and policies that were put in place to maintain white supremacy affected every aspect of African American life. Segregated water fountains, depicted in the photograph from North Carolina in 1950, were just one example of the daily indignities that African Americans experienced. The cartoon "School Begins" by John McCutcheon (1954) captures the essence of segregation in the education system, where black children attended poorly equipped and underfunded schools while white children enjoyed better-funded and better-equipped institutions.
African American families also had to deal with the constant threat of violence and intimidation from white supremacist groups. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote about this in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963), where he discussed the pervasive fear of violence that prevented many African Americans from participating in the civil rights movement. King noted that violence was not only physical but also psychological, as segregation laws and practices perpetuated a sense of inferiority and powerlessness among African Americans.
Despite the many challenges and obstacles, African American families found ways to resist and cope with the effects of Jim Crow segregation. In "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" (1965), Malcolm X described how his family and others used education as a means of empowerment and resistance. He wrote about how his mother instilled in him a love for learning and the importance of reading, which helped him to break free from the limitations imposed by segregation. African American families also formed tight-knit communities and supported each other through mutual aid organizations, churches, and other social institutions.
The Supreme Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, paving the way for the eventual dismantling of Jim Crow. The decision marked a significant victory for African American families and civil rights activists, who had been fighting for decades to end segregation. The ruling acknowledged that segregation had a detrimental effect on African American children's education, paving the way for the integration of schools and other public spaces. However, as noted in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court decision that upheld segregation, the effects of Jim Crow would be long-lasting and difficult to undo. It would take many more years of struggle and sacrifice before African American families could enjoy full citizenship rights and freedom from discrimination.
Why did people in Saint domingue destroy the sugar and coffee plantations?
Answer:
The Revolution
Explanation:
After slavery ended they revolted and destroyed the plantations
how did Woodrow Wilson fourteen points compare with the eventual outcome of the paris peace conference
By the end of the 1920s, the policy of the united states governmemt towards " Indian schools" in the country was to
Native American boarding schools that teach English, adhere to American principles, and encourage students to give up their cultural practises are used to assimilate and acculturate Native American.
What was one of the objectives of the US government in creating Indian boarding schools?The goal of government Indian boarding schools was to forcibly remove American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian children from their families, Indian Tribes, Alaska Native Villages, and Native Hawaiian Community in order to culturally assimilate them.
What does 1923 have to do with the Indian school?In the late 17th and early 20th centuries, boarding schools like the one in "1923" first appeared as re-education centres with the slogan "kill the Indian to save the kid." attempting to “civilize” the Indigenous. Their hair was cut.
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Type of Effect
Effect
•Legislation was passed that elevated the importance of
teaching science, mathematics, and foreign languages.
•Rapid improvements were made in telecommunications,
microtechnology, computer science, and solar power.Jobs were created for thousands of scientists, engineers,
technicians, construction workers, and clerical workers.
A. economic B. political C. social
The type of effect described in the passage is a positive socio-economic effect, specifically related to job creation and advancements in science and technology.
What is the long-term effect?The legislation mentioned suggests a long-term impact on education and the workforce, while the rapid improvements in various industries resulted in the creation of a significant number of jobs across different sectors.
The legislation mentioned in the passage that elevated the importance of teaching science, mathematics, and foreign languages implies that there was a recognition of the critical role that education plays in fostering the development of a highly skilled and knowledgeable workforce. This legislative action would have likely had a long-term effect on the education system and the skills of the workforce.
The rapid improvements in various industries such as telecommunications, microtechnology, computer science, and solar power have likely had a positive socio-economic impact in multiple ways.
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After the attack on Pearl Harbor, life in America changed in many ways. Food and clothing
were rationed, some travel was restricted, more men were drafted into the military, and
more volunteered for military service. Even entertainment-movies, music, comic books-
changed, reflecting wartime moods and subjects. Compare and contrast how life in the
United States changed after Pearl Harbor with how it might change after the September 11
attacks. Compare and contrast those changes specifically for students your age.
Answer:
The attack on Pearl Harbor and the September 11 attacks were both significant events that had a profound impact on American society. While both events were acts of war that resulted in the loss of American lives, they also brought about significant changes to daily life in the United States. Here are some ways in which life in the United States changed after each event and how it might change for students your age:
After Pearl Harbor:
Rationing: Food and clothing were rationed to ensure that enough resources were available for the war effort. Students would have had to adjust to limited food options and potentially new clothing restrictions.
Travel restrictions: Some travel was restricted to prevent spies and saboteurs from entering the country. Students may have had to cancel or postpone travel plans, which could have impacted family vacations or school trips.
Military service: More men were drafted into the military, and many volunteered for service. This could have meant that some students' fathers or older siblings were called to serve, which would have created significant disruptions to family life.
Entertainment: Movies, music, and comic books changed to reflect wartime moods and subjects. Students may have seen a shift in the types of movies and music that were popular, as well as in the content of comic books.
After September 11:
Increased security: Security measures were increased at airports, government buildings, and other public places. Students would have experienced longer wait times at airports and may have seen increased security measures at their schools and other public places.
Changes in travel: Travel was disrupted as flights were cancelled or delayed, and some students may have had to postpone or cancel travel plans.
War on terrorism: The United States entered a new phase in the war on terrorism, and military operations were launched in Afghanistan and later in Iraq. Students may have known people who were called to serve in these conflicts or may have had family members deployed overseas.
Media coverage: The media coverage of the attacks and subsequent events was extensive, and students may have been exposed to more news coverage than ever before. This could have been overwhelming and potentially traumatic for some.
In both cases, students experienced significant disruptions to their daily lives. However, the specific changes varied depending on the nature of the event and the government's response. After Pearl Harbor, the focus was on mobilizing for war, while after September 11, the focus was on preventing future terrorist attacks.
Explanation:
Both incidents led to increased military involvement and changes in entertainment, but there were also significant differences in the nature of the attacks and the subsequent reactions of governments and society at large.
Pearl harbor attack -After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government immediately implemented rationing of food, clothing, and gasoline in order to conserve resources for the war effort. The government also restricted travel, particularly on the West Coast, and required Japanese Americans to relocate to internment camps. More men were drafted into military service, and many women entered the workforce to fill the labor shortage. American media, including movies, music, and comic books, became more patriotic and focused on the war effort.
September 11 attack -In contrast, after the September 11 attacks, there was an increased focus on national security and surveillance. The government enacted the USA PATRIOT Act, which gave law enforcement agencies broad powers to investigate and prevent terrorism. Air travel became more strict and even more secure, with longer lines and more rigorous screenings.
Impact on students -For students, there were similarities and differences in the way life changed after each event. Both events led to heightened security measures, with metal detectors and other security measures in place at schools and public events. After Pearl Harbor, many high school students left school early to join the military, while in the aftermath of September 11, there was an increased awareness of the military as a career option.
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Why is it important to notice where the evidence included in a news piece comes from?
A) To make sure the author uses evidence to support the claims.
B) To make sure the author's claims aligns with your beliefs.
C) To make sure the author's information is readily known to the public.
D) To make sure the author's opinion is made known to the readers.
Making sure the author of a news article uses evidence to substantiate the assertions requires paying attention to where the material in the piece originates from.
Why is it crucial to provide evidence?Evidence supports the arguments made and encourages listeners to accept statements. Evidence comes in a variety of forms, and it frequently varies from one academic discipline or argument topic to another.
Why is it crucial to provide examples in your essay?As it supports the writer's main point or argument, evidence is crucial while writing an essay. Evidence can be in the form of direct quotes from the text(s) or allusions to passages that bolster your argument.
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Which of the following societal advancements occurred first among early
societies during the Neolithic Revolution?
what was the westward movement
The Westward Movement, also known as westward expansion, was period in American history during 19th century when settlers moved westward across North American continent in search of opportunities and resources.
What was the Westward Movement?The Westward Movement was a period of American history during the 19th century in which settlers and pioneers moved westward across North America, in search of new opportunities and land to settle. This movement began in the early 1800s and continued until the late 1800s, when the western frontier was officially declared closed. The movement was fueled by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities such as gold rushes and fertile land for farming, as well as the idea of manifest destiny, the belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its territory from coast to coast. This expansion had significant impacts on Indigenous communities and the environment, leading to displacement, violence, and ecological degradation.
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[30 POINTS!]
How did the Industrial Revolution affect family life in the North?
A. It largely ended the practice of families working together in the same business.
B. It caused the influence of the father on the children to increase.
C. It led to increased access to healthcare.
D. It resulted in higher wages and a higher standard of living.
Marco polos hometown
Answer: Marco Polo was born around 1254 into a prosperous merchant family in the Italian city-state of Venice. The house in which Marco Polo lived for the last 25 years of his life, until January 1324, was in the quarter of san Giovanni Crisostomo.
by 1786, what was the financial outlook of the US
By 1786, A seriοus depressiοn was hitting the U.S. due tο the Revοlutiοnary War was the financial οutlοοk fοr the United States.
What was the cause οf the crisis in 1786?Shays' Rebelliοn, a blοοdy uprising that tοοk place in rural Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787, was sparked by a financial debt crisis at the cοnclusiοn οf the American Revοlutiοnary War. Althοugh Massachusetts was the center οf the crisis, οther states alsο faced ecοnοmic difficulties.
Fοllοwing the American Revοlutiοn, the year 1786 experienced a severe ecοnοmic dοwnturn. The lack οf authοrity in the new natiοnal gοvernment was its primary cause. The yοung cοuntry lacked a pοwerful central administratiοn with a sοund financial plan fοr running the cοuntry, cοllecting taxes frοm the peοple, and repaying its debts.
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How did Elizabeth Cady Stanton influence the women's suffrage movement?
O She organized the Seneca Falls meeting for women's rights.
O She served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
OShe created the National Women's Party.
O She started a feminist newspaper.
Answer:
See below.
Explanation:
a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls meeting for women's rights in 1848, which is considered to be the birthplace of the women's suffrage movement.
b. Stanton served as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1890 to 1892 and played a vital role in the organization's efforts to secure voting rights for women.
c. While Stanton did not create the National Women's Party, she was an early supporter of the organization and played an instrumental role in advancing its agenda of equal rights for women.
d. Stanton started a feminist newspaper called The Revolution in 1868, which advocated for women's rights and social reform. The newspaper played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and rallying support for the women's suffrage movement.
Answer:
She organized the Seneca Falls meeting for women's rights
Explanation: I took the test.
Why is longanimity a frequent team appearing throughout the speech?
Longanimity refers to the virtue of long-suffering, longanimity is the virtue of waiting for God and the unfolding of His grace. It is probably appearing throughout the text to establish repetition in order to achieve emphasis of the idea expressed.
What is longanimity?Longanimity is a term that refers to the quality of being patient, enduring hardships or suffering without complaint, and having a steadfastness of purpose. It is often associated with the virtue of patience and the ability to persevere in the face of challenges or obstacles.
Longanimity is a trait that can be valuable in a variety of settings, including personal relationships, work environments, and other areas of life where persistence and determination are necessary.
Therefore, the correct answer is as given above. It could then be concluded that it appears throughout the speech to lay emphasis on endurance and its benefits.
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How did most Americans first learn about the war in Europe
Answer:
?
Most Americans first learned about the war in Europe through news reports and newspaper articles. Radio broadcasts were also important in distributing information about the war.
Explanation:
During World War II, news reports and newspaper articles were the primary sources of information about the war for most Americans. Radio broadcasts were also an important means of distributing information about the war, with news reports and updates being broadcasted regularly. This helped to keep the American public informed about the progress of the war, as well as the sacrifices being made by American servicemen and women. In fact, radio broadcasts played such a crucial role in keeping the public informed during the war that the U.S. government established the Office of War Information to help coordinate and disseminate information to the public through various media outlets.
News sources during WWII.
Most Americans first learned about the war in Europe through news reports and newspaper articles. Radio broadcasts were also important in distributing information about the war.
During World War II, news reports and newspaper articles were the primary sources of information about the war for most Americans. Radio broadcasts were also an important means of distributing information about the war, with news reports and updates being broadcasted regularly. This helped to keep the American public informed about the progress of the war, as well as the sacrifices being made by American servicemen and women. In fact, radio broadcasts played such a crucial role in keeping the public informed during the war that the U.S. government established the Office of War Information to help coordinate and disseminate information to the public through various media outlets.
this is more detailed
transcript The Freedmen's Bureau had great success in:
A. raising rates of landownership for Black Americans.
B. raising literacy rates among Black Americans.
C. gaining fair work contracts for formerly enslaved people.
D. ensuring enslavers were held accountable.
The answer is B. raising literacy rates among Black Americans.
The Freedmen's Bureau's greatest success was in forming public schools for formerly enslaved children and adults where they can learn basic reading, writing, and math.
What is the straightforward definition of literacy?A person must be literate in order to work in society, accomplish their goals, and expand their knowledge and potential.
What does literacy serve as a means for?Being illiterate in reading and writing is a major disadvantage. In addition to enhancing a person's life, literacy gives them the chance to learn skills that will able them to support their families and themselves.
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Which major world event contributed the MOST to the end of the Great Depression in Texas
World War II contributed the most to the end of the Great Depression in Texas, due to the increase in industrial production, employment opportunities, and demand for agricultural and petroleum products.
What is the Great Depression?Following the 1929 stock market crash, a period of economic catastrophe known as the Great Depression took place in the 1930s. It was characterised by a severe decrease in industrial output, a notable rise in the unemployment rate, and a generalised sense of economic distress. Many people in the United States are trying to make ends meet and are experiencing poverty, homelessness, and hunger as a result of this economic slump. People were unable or unable to spend money owing to economic uncertainty, which contributed to a major contraction of credit and a drop in consumer expenditure during the Great Depression.
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1. Give at least three details explaining why fewer people live in Eastern Russia than
Western Russia.
Answer: the climate is more temperate and there are more connections with Eastern Europe
Explanation:
the temperature is more cold or more hot
pretty sure its more cold
sorry if its wrong hope its right
Note that both washignton and dubois worked during their entire lives to improve the conditions of African Americans. explain how the life work and early experiences of each were reflected in their philosophies
Black Americans must become technologically literate at any costs, understood Washington and DuBois. But DuBois championed a paternalistic method of advancing the Black race, whereas Washington advocated a hands-on external strategy.
Which of Du Boise's contributions to American society do you consider to be the most significant?Du Bios battled racial prejudice throughout his life. He largely contributed to discussions on race, politics, and history in the United States throughout the first half of the 20th century by his writing and passionate speech on the subject of racial relations.
What did Du Bios think of Washington's leadership?On the other hand, Du Bios openly criticized Washington's approach while emphasizing the value of intellectual rigor and equality for African Americans in all spheres of American life, without exception. His venomous abuse of Washington was at its strongest in his 1903 book The Souls of Black People. Black Americans must become technologically literate at any costs, understood Washington and DuBois. But DuBois championed a paternalistic method of advancing the Black race, whereas Washington advocated a hands-on external strategy.
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Questions are in picture 4
1. The colonial leaders use the Boston Massacre to their advantage by using it as a propaganda to drum up support against the British.
2. The committees of correspondence were powerful organizations because they spread political ideas and united opposition to British rule.
What was colonial leaders role in Boston Massacre?The Boston Massacre was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution, and colonial leaders played an important role in shaping the response to the incident. On the night of March 5, 1770, a group of British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston, killing five people and injuring several others.
In the aftermath of the massacre, colonial leaders such as Samuel Adams and Paul Revere used the incident to galvanize public opinion against British rule, arguing that the incident was evidence of the tyranny and oppression of the British government. They organized protests and demonstrations in response to the massacre, and used the incident to mobilize support for the American cause.
Answered question "HOW DID THE COLONIAL MASTERS USE THE BOSTON MASSACRE TO THEIR ADVANTAGE?
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Which important development in Southwest Asian history took place in the Sumerian civilization?
A.
The establishment of a huge empire
B.
The creation of the first caliphate
C.
The development of written language
D.
The origin and spread of Islamic culture
Answer:
C. The development of written language took place in the Sumerian civilization. Sumerians developed the first known system of writing called cuneiform around 3200 BCE, which involved pressing a stylus into clay tablets to create wedge-shaped marks representing words and numbers. This system was used to keep records of trade, laws, and religious rituals, and was eventually adopted by other civilizations in the region.
can anyone help me?
They're just asking for your opinion on the questions and why you think that way. I'm pretty sure there isn't a right or wrong answer.
What were Martin Luther's 95 Theses? (4 points)
a
A list of concerns about the Church
b
Books written to support the Church
c
Letters to the pope about the Church
d
Statements that supported the Church
a) A list of concerns about the Church.
Select the correct answer from the drop-down menu.
Native American nations in the United States are
under the authority of both the federal and state governments
under the authority of state governments but not the federal government
independent of both the federal and state governments
under the authority of the federal government but not state governments
Both the state and federal governments of the US have jurisdiction over Native American tribes.
What umbrella term do Native American tribes in the US have?Presently, the United States refers to tribal countries as "domestic dependant nations" and establishes the relationship between both the national, state, and tribal nations using its own legal framework.
Both United States and also the states wherein they live recognise American Indians & Alaska Natives as citizens. According to the standards each Tribe has established, they are also Tribal citizens. They came to the conclusion that almost all Native Americans, whether ancient and contemporary, are descended from a single population in Siberian that diverged from other Asians some 23,000 years ago and migrated into the now-submerged region of Beringia.
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Does afghanistan have a good base for democracy to be successful? why or why not
The answer is debatable, but many experts would argue that Afghanistan does not have a good base for democracy to be successful.
Afghanistan has a history of political instability, conflict, and weak institutions that have undermined its attempts at building a democratic system.The country's ongoing state of war and internal conflict has made it difficult to establish a stable and legitimate government that represents the interests of the Afghan people.Afghanistan's geography and ethnic diversity have posed challenges to the development of a unified and inclusive democratic system.The country is characterized by rugged terrain and a patchwork of ethnic and tribal groups, many of whom have their own distinct languages, cultures, and political affiliations.Afghanistan has struggled with issues such as corruption, nepotism, and the influence of powerful warlords, all of which have undermined the legitimacy of the government and eroded public trust in democratic institutions.Overall, while the idea of democracy may have some appeal in Afghanistan, the country's political, social, and cultural context presents significant challenges to the development of a successful democratic system.
PLEASE HELP WILL MARK
BRAINIEST
Can someone help me come up with a concluding paragraph about how Jim Crow era was a hard place to live in because of unequal access to education, discrimination against African American women, and living in constant fear for the future of their kids using ONLY these sources
SOURCES:
1. Excerpt from "The Souls of Black Folk" by
W.E.B. Du Bois (1903)
2. Photograph of a segregated water fountain
North Carolina (1950)
3. Excerpt from "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
5. Excerpt from "The Autobiography of Malcolm
X" by Malcolm X (1965)
6. Political cartoon "School begins" by John
McCutcheon (1954)
7. Excerpt from the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Thank you :)
Answer:
In conclusion, the Jim Crow era was a difficult and oppressive time for African Americans, as illustrated by the various sources. Unequal access to education was just one of the many obstacles faced by black Americans, who were denied equal opportunities to succeed and advance in society. Discrimination against African American women also persisted, as they faced double oppression due to their gender and race. Moreover, black Americans lived in constant fear for the future of their children, who were often subjected to violence and discrimination. Despite these challenges, African Americans fought for their rights and dignity, as seen in the political cartoon and in the writings of W.E.B. Du Bois, Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X. The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education marked an important step towards equality, but it was only the beginning of a long struggle for civil rights and justice.
A major victory for gay rights came in 2003, when in Lawrence v. Texas the Supreme Court ruled that
a)
states could not forbid gay marriage.
b)
states could not deny homosexual couples the right to adopt.
c)
states could not deny homosexual citizens the right to serve in the military.
d)
states could not criminalize sexual intercourse between homosexuals.
Answer: A
Explanation: Not needed.
A major victory for gay rights came in 2003, when in Lawrence v. Texas the Supreme Court ruled that states could not forbid gay marriage. The correct option is A.
Lawrence v. Texas is a historic Supreme Court case in which the Court declared that most criminal penalties for consenting, adult non-procreative sexual conduct are unconstitutional. The Court upheld the concept of a "right to privacy" that previous courts had found the United States Constitution to provide, despite the fact that it is not explicitly enumerated.
As a result, in this case, the Supreme Court invalidated sodomy statute throughout the United States, making same-sex sexual conduct legal in every State and territory of the United States.
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:What was Transatlantic Slavery?
The transatlantic slave trade was an oceanic trade in African men, women, and children which lasted from the mid-sixteenth century until the 1860s. European traders loaded African captives at dozens of points on the African coast, from Senegambia to Angola and around the Cape to Mozambique.