A. To calculate the holding period return and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for Mr. Y's investment, we need the initial value, final value, and the holding period.
Initial Value (IV) = Rs. 20
Final Value (FV) = Rs. 200
Holding Period = 20 years
Holding Period Return (HPR) is calculated using the formula:
HPR = (FV - IV) / IV
HPR = (200 - 20) / 20 = 180 / 20 = 9
The HPR is 9, indicating a return of 9 times the initial investment.
To calculate the CAGR, we use the formula:
CAGR = (FV / IV)^(1 / n) - 1
CAGR = (200 / 20)^(1 / 20) - 1
CAGR = 10^(0.05) - 1
CAGR ≈ 1.1487 - 1
CAGR ≈ 0.1487 or 14.87%
Therefore, the holding period return is 9 (or 900%), and the CAGR is approximately 14.87%.
B. To calculate the percentage return on the share, including the dividend yield and capital gain rate, we need the initial price, final price, and dividend per share.
Initial Price (IP) = Rs. 2225
Final Price (FP) = Rs. 2110
Dividend per Share (DPS) = Rs. 100
Percentage Return (PR) is calculated using the formula:
PR = ((FP + DPS) - IP) / IP * 100
PR = ((2110 + 100) - 2225) / 2225 * 100
PR = (2210 - 2225) / 2225 * 100
PR = -15 / 2225 * 100
PR ≈ -0.67%
The percentage return on the share is approximately -0.67%, indicating a slight negative return.
Dividend Yield (DY) is calculated by dividing the dividend per share by the initial price and multiplying by 100:
DY = (DPS / IP) * 100
DY = (100 / 2225) * 100
DY ≈ 4.49%
The dividend yield is approximately 4.49%.
Capital Gain Rate (CGR) is calculated by dividing the capital gain (difference between final price and dividend) by the initial price and multiplying by 100:
CGR = ((FP - DPS) - IP) / IP * 100
CGR = ((2110 - 100) - 2225) / 2225 * 100
CGR = (2010 - 2225) / 2225 * 100
CGR = -215 / 2225 * 100
CGR ≈ -9.66%
The capital gain rate is approximately -9.66%.
Therefore, the percentage return on the share is approximately -0.67%, with a dividend yield of 4.49% and a capital gain rate of -9.66%.
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Suppose that in the absence of transportation costs Home specialzes in coflee and coal while Foreign specialzes in cars and com. Cigars are produced in both counties and are thus a nonraded good. From the daa in the acoonpanying table in can be deduced that Homefs relative wage { min an enteger.) If both coal and cars become nontraded goods after transportation coest are inchoded in the analysis, it must be the case that thoee costs, as a percentage of production costs, are at hast A. 200 percest B. 100 percort. C. 40 percent. D. 150 percert. Suppose that in the absence of transportation costs Home specializes in coffee and coal while Foreign specializes in cars an corn. Cigars are produced in both countries and are thus a nontraded good. From the data in the accompanying table it can be deduced that Home's relative wage (w/w*) is (Enter your response as an integer.) If both coal and cars become nontraded goods after transportation costs are included in the analysis, it must be the case tha those costs, as a percentage of production costs, are at least A. 200 percent. B. 100 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 150 percent. \begin{tabular}{lc} \hline Good & Relative Home Productivity Advantage (aLi∗/aLi) \\ \hline Coffee & 9 \\ Coal & 6 \\ Cigars & 3 \\ Cars & 1.5 \\ Corn & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
If both coal and cars become nontraded goods after transportation coest are inchoded in the analysis, it must be the case that those costs, as a percentage of production costs, are at least B. 100 percent.
What is the impact of transportation costs on the relative wage?The relative productivity advantage indicates the productivity ratios between different goods produced in Home and Foreign countries. In this case, the data shows that coffee has a productivity advantage of 9, coal has a productivity advantage of 6, cigars have a productivity advantage of 3, cars have a productivity advantage of 1.5, and corn has a productivity advantage of 1.
When analyzing the impact of transportation costs, it is stated that coal and cars become nontraded goods. This implies that the costs of transporting coal and cars are included in the analysis. Considering that Home specializes in coffee and coal, and Foreign specializes in cars and corn, it can be inferred that transportation costs affect the relative wages. Since coal becomes a nontraded good, the transportation costs associated with it must be equal to or higher than its production costs. Similarly, since cars become nontraded goods, the transportation costs associated with them must be equal to or higher than their production costs.
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B. 100 percent.
What is the impact of transportation costs on the relative wage?
The relative productivity advantage indicates the productivity ratios between different goods produced in Home and Foreign countries. In this case, the data shows that coffee has a productivity advantage of 9, coal has a productivity advantage of 6, cigars have a productivity advantage of 3, cars have a productivity advantage of 1.5, and corn has a productivity advantage of 1.
When analyzing the impact of transportation costs, it is stated that coal and cars become nontraded goods. This implies that the costs of transporting coal and cars are included in the analysis. Considering that Home specializes in coffee and coal, and Foreign specializes in cars and corn, it can be inferred that transportation costs affect the relative wages. Since coal becomes a nontraded good, the transportation costs associated with it must be equal to or higher than its production costs. Similarly, since cars become nontraded goods, the transportation costs associated with them must be equal to or higher than their production costs.
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List the pros and cons associated with the U.S. system of financing health care relative to the U.K. system. Do the same relative to the Canadian system. Use your understanding of opportunity cost to think about why we can't have "the best of both worlds."
The U.S. system of financing health care offers advanced technology and greater choice, but has high costs and limited accessibility compared to the U.K. system. Similarly, the U.S. system provides advanced technology and flexibility, but is associated with high costs and administrative complexity compared to the Canadian system.
The U.S. system of financing health care relative to the U.K. system has both pros and cons. On the positive side, the U.S. system provides access to advanced medical technology and offers individuals greater choice in selecting healthcare providers and treatment options. However, the U.S. system is also characterized by high costs, including expensive medical procedures and insurance premiums, which can be a financial burden for many. Additionally, limited accessibility is a concern, as a significant portion of the population lacks health insurance or faces barriers to necessary healthcare services. It is important to consider these factors when comparing the U.S. system to the U.K. system.
The U.S. system of financing health care compared to the Canadian system has its pros and cons. On the positive side, the U.S. system offers advanced technology and greater choice in healthcare providers and treatment options, resulting in improved health outcomes and personalized care. However, the system is burdened by high costs, including insurance premiums, medical procedures, and prescription drugs, posing financial challenges for individuals, employers, and the government. Additionally, administrative complexity within the U.S. healthcare system leads to higher administrative costs and inefficiencies, affecting the overall accessibility and efficiency of healthcare services.
Opportunity cost: Choosing one healthcare system over another involves trade-offs due to different priorities. The U.S. system prioritizes advanced technology and choice, but it comes with higher costs and limited accessibility. Conversely, the Canadian system prioritizes universal coverage and affordability, potentially leading to longer wait times for certain treatments. Finding the right balance between these priorities is complex and requires considering the resources and values of each healthcare system.
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The last thing to do based on the numbers recorded from the seismograms and the Time Travel Curve, would be to find the epicenter of the earthquake. You would do this by using a compass and a map with a scale attached to it. Using your compass, you would open it measuring the correct epicenteral distance based on the maps scale and place the point of the compass on your map. From this position you would make a circle around your seismograph, and repeat this for the other 2 seismograms. Once you have finished the three circles should intersect and this would be your epicenter. This has been done for you in the following picture. Based on where the three lines intersect, the location of the earthquake is southeast of this major Californian city: NOTE: WHEN YOU PROVIDE YOUR ANSWERS FOR QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION PLEASE DO NOT TYPE IN ANY UNITS. TYPE INNUMBERS ONLY (THANK YOU) OR YOU WILL BE
The last step to find the epicenter of an earthquake based on the numbers recorded from the seismograms and the Time Travel Curve is to use a compass and a map with a scale attached to it.
The following steps will help you in finding the epicenter of the earthquake: Using the compass, measure the correct epicentral distance based on the map's scale. Place the point of the compass on your map. From this position, make a circle around your seismograph, and repeat this for the other two seismograms.
Once you have finished the three circles, they should intersect, and this would be your epicenter. This has been done for you in the given picture. Based on where the three lines intersect, the location of the earthquake is southeast of this major Californian city.
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create a SWOT Analysis for Maple Leaf Foods
SWOT analysis is a strategic tool used to analyze an organization's internal and external environment. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. This type of analysis is carried out to determine the strategic direction that a company should take.
The following is the SWOT analysis of Maple Leaf Foods:
Strengths- Maple Leaf Foods is a well-known food processing company. The company has a strong brand name in the Canadian market. They have a good reputation for producing high-quality food products. The company has strong financial resources. They have the ability to invest in research and development to improve their products.
The company has a broad range of food products and a wide customer base. The company has a strong distribution network and good relationships with their suppliers.
Weaknesses- The company is heavily dependent on the Canadian market. If there are any economic challenges in Canada, it will negatively affect their business. The company has been involved in several recalls over the years, which has impacted their brand image.
Opportunities Maple Leaf Foods can expand its operations to other countries. The company can increase its product range to meet the changing customer needs. Maple Leaf Foods can leverage technology to improve its operations and reduce costs.
Threats There is stiff competition in the food industry. New entrants may pose a challenge to Maple Leaf Foods.The company is vulnerable to changing market trends and customer preferences.
Maple Leaf Foods is exposed to global economic conditions that could impact its business.In conclusion, Maple Leaf Foods has several strengths and opportunities that it can leverage to expand its business. However, the company also faces some weaknesses and threats that it needs to address to remain competitive in the market.
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Please use Excel to solve this problem and submit your Excel
file. The problem is as follows:
1. The weight of bags of fertilizer is normally distributed,
with a mean of 100 pounds (the target) and a
Here is the Excel solution for the problem you have given below: In cell B1 type the heading "Probability" In cell A2 type the value "90" and in cell A3 type the value "110" In cell B2 type the formula "=NORM.DIST(A2,100,15,TRUE)" and copy the formula to cell B3.
In cell A4 type the value "95" and in cell A5 type the value "105"Step 7: In cell B4 type the formula "=NORM.DIST(A4,100,15,TRUE)" and copy the formula to cell B5.Step 8: In cell A6 type the value "97.5" and in cell A7 type the value "102.5"Step 9: In cell B6 type the formula "=NORM.DIST(A6,100,15,TRUE)" and copy the formula to cell B7.
Select the range A2:B11 and create a scatter plot chart.Step 15: Right-click on the chart and click on "Select Data".Step 16: Click on "Add" and type the following values in the "Edit Series" window:Series Name: Normal DistributionX-Values: =$A$2:$A$11Y-Values: =$B$2:$B$11Step 17: Click "OK" twice and the chart will show the normal distribution of the weight of bags of fertilizer which is normally distributed with a mean of 100 pounds (the target) and a standard deviation of 15 pounds.Hope this helps!
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Go to the websites for following organizations.
Merck & Company Pharmaceuticals;WWW.Merck.com/about
Boeing Corporation ; http://www.boeing.com/boeing/companyoffices/aboutus/index.page
Rolls-Royce,Plc.:www.rolls-royce.com
ExxonMobil, Inc.: www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/about.aspx
Based on your review of the companies posted mission and strategic goals , what type of projects would you expect them to pursue? If you worked for one of these firms and sought to maintain strategic alignment with their project portfolio, what project options would you suggest?
To maintain strategic alignment with their project portfolios, suggested project options would include researching and developing new drugs and vaccines, improving access to healthcare, advancing aerospace technologies, and exploring opportunities in the space industry.
Merck & Company Pharmaceuticals: Merck's mission is to improve health and well-being worldwide. Their strategic goals focus on developing innovative medicines and vaccines, expanding access to healthcare, and enhancing the sustainability of their operations.
Based on this, you can expect Merck to pursue projects related to research and development of new drugs and vaccines, clinical trials, collaborations with healthcare organizations, and initiatives to improve access to healthcare in underserved areas.
Boeing Corporation: Boeing's mission is to connect, protect, explore, and inspire the world through aerospace innovation. Their strategic goals include delivering shareholder value, expanding their market presence, and driving operational excellence.
As an aerospace company, Boeing would likely pursue projects related to aircraft design and manufacturing, technological advancements in aviation, defense and security solutions, and expanding its commercial and military aircraft portfolio.
Rolls-Royce, Plc.: Rolls-Royce's mission is to be a leading industrial technology company for power systems and services. Their strategic goals revolve around delivering long-term value to customers, investing in technology and innovation, and achieving operational excellence.
Rolls-Royce would pursue projects in the areas of power systems, engineering, and manufacturing. This may include projects related to gas turbines, electrical power systems, propulsion systems for aircraft and ships, and advancing sustainable energy solutions.
ExxonMobil, Inc.: ExxonMobil's mission is to provide energy in a responsible and sustainable manner. Their strategic goals include maximizing shareholder value, maintaining a strong market position, and managing environmental and social risks.
Projects pursued by ExxonMobil would likely involve the exploration and production of oil and gas resources, refining and petrochemical operations, investments in renewable energy sources, and initiatives focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting energy efficiency.
If you worked for one of these firms and sought to maintain strategic alignment with their project portfolio, you could suggest project options that align with their mission and strategic goals. For example, in the case of Merck, you could propose projects related to researching and developing new drugs for unmet medical needs or initiatives to improve access to healthcare in developing countries.
For Boeing, you could suggest projects focused on the development of advanced aircraft technologies, enhancing safety features, or exploring opportunities in the space industry. Rolls-Royce could benefit from projects related to improving the efficiency and sustainability of their power systems or exploring new markets for their engineering expertise.
ExxonMobil could consider projects aimed at reducing carbon emissions, investing in renewable energy sources, or developing new technologies for cleaner and more efficient energy production. It's important to align project proposals with the company's overall strategic direction and long-term goals to ensure strategic alignment.
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The most common grand strategy is product development. 1) True 2) False A reorganization bankruptcy gives the firm a conditional second chance. 1) True 2) False The selection of long-term objectives and grand strategies involves sequential decisions. 1) True 2) False "Stakeholder knowledge" is one of the four perspectives in the Balanced Scorecard. 1) True 2) False The appeal of a reorganization bankruptcy is that the company offers its creditors a carefully designed alternative to forcing an immediate, but fractional repayment of its financial obligations. 1) True 2) False
The most common grand strategy is product development. This statement is true. Product development is a type of grand strategy in which a company grows by offering new or improved products or services to its current markets. By introducing new products to existing customers, firms can increase sales and profits.
Product development may also involve improving existing products or creating new products entirely. A reorganization bankruptcy gives the firm a conditional second chance. This statement is true. A reorganization bankruptcy, also known as Chapter 11 bankruptcy, is a legal process that gives a company the opportunity to reorganize its operations while remaining in business. Under Chapter 11, the company is given a chance to renegotiate its debts, restructure its management, and develop a plan to repay its creditors over time.
The selection of long-term objectives and grand strategies involves sequential decisions. This statement is true. The selection of long-term objectives and grand strategies involves a series of decisions that are made in a specific order. The process typically starts with setting long-term objectives, which are then followed by the selection of appropriate grand strategies. The grand strategies that are selected will depend on the company's resources, capabilities, and external environment.
This can be a better alternative for creditors, who are more likely to receive a higher percentage of their debts over time than they would if the company was forced into liquidation.
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country is canada , Your boss asked you to prepare a quick analysis of a country (canada) you are familiar with, discussing some of the factors affecting an accounting system of the country:
Legal system
Providers of financing
Taxation
Inflation
Political and economic ties
Culture
please as soon as possible.thank you.
Canada is a great country with many qualities that have made it a global force to reckon with. When it comes to accounting systems, the country has set a high standard that the rest of the world tries to follow. In this analysis, I will discuss some of the factors that affect the accounting system of Canada.
Legal system
The legal system in Canada is very structured and well defined. The Canadian constitution is the supreme law of the land, and it clearly defines the role of the federal and provincial governments in regulating the economy. This has helped in setting standards and regulations for accounting that have made the profession trustworthy and reliable.
Providers of financing
The Canadian economy is driven by small and medium-sized businesses. These businesses rely on banks and other financial institutions for financing. The government of Canada has put in place strict rules and regulations that govern the financial sector. This has ensured that financial statements are audited and reliable.
Taxation
The Canadian taxation system is complex, but it is well structured and efficient. The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) is responsible for administering and collecting taxes in the country. The CRA has put in place measures to ensure that all taxpayers comply with tax laws.
Inflation
Inflation has been a major concern in Canada over the years. However, the country has put in place measures to control inflation. The Bank of Canada is responsible for setting monetary policy, and it has been successful in keeping inflation under control.
In conclusion, Canada has a well-structured and efficient accounting system that is driven by strong legal, financial, and political systems. The country's culture of diversity has helped in creating a vibrant and dynamic profession that is open to people from different cultural backgrounds.
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This year, the project developed is Digital Inclusion: a process of democratization of technology. Digital inclusion is a way of democratizing technology and making it accessible to the greatest number of people. Thus, the quality of life of minorities improves and they can think beyond, in other perspectives. With the evolution of ICTs (Information and Communication Technology) throughout the history of information technology, technology has been inserted in the most diverse segments of society and people's daily lives. Access to technology has become a fundamental factor for social inclusion when considering that technology is increasingly present in people's daily lives, whether at work, in social life and in the way they communicate. Technology has opened many doors for the betterment of society. Today we have access to a lot of information that we didn't have before and, with it, we were able to transform our work, our opinions and our way of seeing the world. However, not everyone can have access to technological means equally, whether due to social differences or the lack of options for those with some type of disability, some sections of the public were lacking in technology and the benefits it brings. Thus, this Digital Inclusion project meets the wishes of
UNINGA and the Internet Systems Courses, since teaching, research and extension are inseparable from the teaching and learning process and this project provides this articulation.
Digital inclusion is a process of democratization of technology by making it accessible to a maximum number of people. It is a way of democratizing technology that enhances the quality of life of minorities and enables them to think beyond, in other perspectives.
The evolution of Information and Communication Technology (ICTs) has facilitated the insertion of technology into different segments of society and people's daily lives.The increasing presence of technology in people's daily lives at work, in social life, and in communication has made access to technology a critical factor for social inclusion.
Democratizing Technology has opened many doors for the betterment of society by providing access to a lot of information that people didn't have before, which transformed their work, opinions, and perspective toward the world. However, not everyone has equal access to technological means due to social differences or the lack of options for those with some type of disability.
Consequently, some sections of the public have been excluded from technology and the benefits it offers. The Digital Inclusion project satisfies the needs of UNINGA and the Internet Systems Courses by providing articulation between teaching, research, and extension.
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What would be seen as the THREE most significant critical success factors (CSFs) for effective health and safety management systems and why?
Critical Success Factors not Risk assessments
The most significant Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for effective health and safety management systems are planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Planning - Effective planning is the first step towards effective health and safety management. This includes planning for the organization's objectives, goals, strategies, and action plans. It also involves setting up health and safety policies and procedures, roles and responsibilities of management and employees, and developing communication channels for all stakeholders. Health and safety planning also involves identifying potential risks and hazards and developing strategies to mitigate them.
Implementation - The implementation phase involves the execution of the plan and strategies developed during the planning phase. It includes the allocation of resources, staff training, and the establishment of monitoring and reporting mechanisms.
The implementation phase is the actual stage where the health and safety strategies, policies, and procedures are put into action. It's also the phase where the employees' engagement and commitment are crucial to ensure effective health and safety management.
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A quality inspector has a box of 12 light bults. The box actually contains 3 bulbs that are bad and 9 that are good. The inspector pulls a bulb out, checks it, then puts it aside. He does this three times. What is the chance that the inspector finds all 3 bad bulls? What is the chance he does not find any bad bulbs?
The chance that the inspector does not find any bad bulbs is approximately 0.3818 or 38.18%.
How to find?
The chance that the inspector finds all 3 bad bulbs can be calculated using probability. Let's break down the problem step-by-step to find the answer.
Step 1: Calculate the probability of pulling out a bad bulb on the first try.
There are 12 bulbs in total, out of which 3 are bad bulbs. Therefore, the probability of pulling out a bad bulb on the first try is 3/12 or 1/4.
Step 2: Calculate the probability of pulling out a bad bulb on the second try.
After the first bulb is removed, there are 11 bulbs remaining, out of which 2 are bad bulbs. So the probability of pulling out a bad bulb on the second try is 2/11.
Step 3: Calculate the probability of pulling out a bad bulb on the third try.
After the second bulb is removed, there are 10 bulbs remaining, out of which 1 is a bad bulb. Therefore, the probability of pulling out a bad bulb on the third try is 1/10.
Step 4: Calculate the overall probability of finding all 3 bad bulbs.
To find the overall probability, we multiply the probabilities from each step together.
(1/4) * (2/11) * (1/10) = 1/220.
So, the chance that the inspector finds all 3 bad bulbs is 1/220.
Now let's move on to the second part of the question: the chance that the inspector does not find any bad bulbs.
Step 1: Calculate the probability of pulling out a good bulb on the first try.
Out of the 12 bulbs, 9 are good bulbs. Therefore, the probability of pulling out a good bulb on the first try is 9/12 or 3/4.
Step 2: Calculate the probability of pulling out a good bulb on the second try.
After the first bulb is removed, there are 11 bulbs remaining, out of which 8 are good bulbs. So the probability of pulling out a good bulb on the second try is 8/11.
Step 3: Calculate the probability of pulling out a good bulb on the third try.
After the second bulb is removed, there are 10 bulbs remaining, out of which 7 are good bulbs. Therefore, the probability of pulling out a good bulb on the third try is 7/10.
Step 4: Calculate the overall probability of not finding any bad bulbs.
To find the overall probability, we multiply the probabilities from each step together.
(3/4) * (8/11) * (7/10) ≈ 0.3818.
So, the chance that the inspector does not find any bad bulbs is approximately 0.3818 or 38.18%.
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Compare the various entry modes organizations use to enter overseas markets.
Paragraph the questios
Organizations wishing to expand their business in overseas markets have to select the best entry mode which can fit their needs. it depends on a variety of factors such as the company's resources, target market, and industry.
Exporting is the easiest and the most common way to enter foreign markets. Companies can either use direct or indirect exports. Direct exports involve exporting products directly to the customers abroad while indirect exports involve a third party. Franchising and licensing are popular entry modes for service-based companies that require low investment.
In conclusion, companies must consider several factors when selecting the entry mode for entering the overseas market, such as the company's resources, target market, and industry. Therefore, choosing the best entry mode is a critical decision that impacts the company's performance and survival.
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Charlie, an old friend and client, who is an everyday Texan with a traditional family, comes to you and asks you for an update on the possible changes of the estate taxes, as currently proposed. His combined wealth, community and separate, is approximately $7 million, which includes at least $3 million in real estate and $2 million in a family business that is a sole proprietorship (Schedule C 1040). Assume the rest to be in stocks and retirement accounts. DO NOT consider gift taxes and their possible changes. You are to prepare a quality client letter to him of (say) no more than two pages explaining the currently proposed changes and their possible impact upon him and his family. He only wants impacts to him as an individual, not as a corporation or other entity. Yes, you may have touched on some of this in answers before, but here you are addressing a paying (and frightened) client. And don’t forget, he is a friend as well as a very important client. Clarity matters. And remember that proposals may and likely will change. This letter is to be based on TODAY’s understanding.
Dear Charlie,As per your request, I am writing to inform you about the possible changes to estate taxes as currently proposed and their impact on you and your family.
As of today's understanding, here is what I have discovered.The estate tax is a tax on the transfer of a person's property or wealth after they pass away. As of 2021, the estate tax exemption is $11.7 million, and any estate exceeding this amount will be subject to a tax rate of up to 40%.As of 2022, the estate tax exemption is set to decrease to $6 million per person or $12 million per married couple. This means that if the total estate value exceeds this amount, it will be subject to the tax rate mentioned earlier.
It is essential to note that these proposals may change.The combined wealth of your community and separate property is approximately $7 million, which includes at least $3 million in real estate and $2 million in a family business that is a sole proprietorship. Assuming the rest is in stocks and retirement accounts, your estate will not be subject to estate taxes unless the proposed reduction in the estate tax exemption occurs. If the exemption limit is lowered, your estate's taxable value will be $1 million, which means you will have to pay estate taxes on the remaining $6 million.The proposed changes are subject to change and may vary in the future. So, it is always better to keep track of the new proposals and seek advice accordingly. Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns about this. I hope this information helps you to make informed decisions regarding your estate planning.Sincerely, [Your Name]
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Consider a mutual fund with $100 million in assets at the start of the year. If the gross return on assets is 10% and total expense ratio is 5% of the year-end value, what is the return of the fund? A. 3.5% NAV=5100mil B. 4.0% C. 4.5% D. 5.0% 15. Suppose the weights for the optimal risky portfolio (for 2 risky securities), are 60% in asset A and 40% in asset B. For an investor with a particular risk-aversion, the optimal allocation in the risky portfolio is 50%(y=0.5). Based on this information, what is the final allocation for the complete portfolio for this particular investor in each risky security? A. 60% and 40% B. 50% and 30% C. 40% and 20% D. 30% and 20%
The final allocation for the complete portfolio for this particular investor in each risky security is 30% in asset A and 20% in asset B. Therefore, option (D) 30% and 20% is correct.
If the gross return on assets is 10% and total expense ratio is 5% of the year-end value, we need to calculate the return of the fund as follows:
Formula for the return of a fund:
Return = Gross return - Expense Ratio
Let's first calculate the expense ratio of the fund:
Expense ratio = 5% of year-end value
Expense ratio = 5% of ($100 + 10) million (as gross return is 10%)
Expense ratio = 5% * $110 million
Expense ratio = $5.5 million
Now let's calculate the return of the fund:
Return = Gross return - Expense Ratio
Return = 10% - 5.5%Return = 4.5%
Hence, the return of the fund is 4.5%.
Now, let's move on to the second part of the question which states that the weights for the optimal risky portfolio (for 2 risky securities) are 60% in asset A and 40% in asset B. For an investor with a particular risk-aversion, the optimal allocation in the risky portfolio is 50%(y=0.5).
Therefore, the final allocation for the complete portfolio for this particular investor in each risky security is calculated as follows:
Final allocation for the complete portfolio = y * weight in optimal risky portfolio
Asset A = 0.5 * 60% = 30%
Asset B = 0.5 * 40% = 20%
Hence, the final allocation for the complete portfolio for this particular investor in each risky security is 30% in asset A and 20% in asset B. Therefore, option (D) 30% and 20% is correct.
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Part 2b : Increasing the Rate of a Physical Change Our question: What increases the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid? 1. What are three ways yeur think you could change the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid physical change? 1. What is your prediction of the way that you think would best increase the rate of this physical change? Why do you think this? 1. Write a procedure for your investigation. Be sure to include variables, a control, and constants. 1. Write down what data you collected here in a table or chart that you make. 1. What is your answer to our question: What increases the rate of a physical change of
Increasing the surface area of the solute, increasing the temperature of the solvent, and stirring the mixture are three ways to increase the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid physical change. '
A prediction about the method that is expected to have the greatest impact on increasing the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid physical change can be made based on this.Increasing the temperature of the solvent is the method that will have the most significant effect on the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid physical change. When the temperature of the solvent is increased, the salt dissolves quicker because the molecules in the solvent are moving more quickly.
This increases the likelihood of collisions between the salt and the solvent molecules, which speeds up the rate of dissolution. A procedure for an investigation into the impact of temperature on the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid physical change is given below: Variables: The independent variable is the temperature of the solvent, while the dependent variable is the rate of salt dissolution.
Control group consisting of water and a salt concentration of 1% will be used in the experiment, and the experiment will be repeated three times for each temperature level.Constant: The same amount of salt and water will be used throughout the experiment.Using a thermometer, the initial temperature of 100 ml water will be noted.Then, in each of the three trials, 10g of salt will be added to the 100 ml of water, stirred for 30 seconds, and then placed in a water bath at one of the following temperatures: 20°C, 40°C, or 60°C.
After 30 seconds of stirring the solution, the time taken for the salt to dissolve will be measured and recorded. Using a table like the one shown below, the data will be compiled:| Temperature of Water | Time Taken to Dissolve Salt || 20°C | || 20°C | || 20°C | || 40°C | || 40°C | || 40°C | || 60°C | || 60°C | || 60°C | |The data reveals that, as the temperature of the water increased, the time taken to dissolve the salt decreased. Therefore, the result is that increasing the temperature of the solvent is a method for increasing the rate of salt dissolving in a liquid physical change.
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STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) on New Product
Idea [Course name: Marketing Management]
The STP model can aid in the development of a new product, identifying the best market segment for the product, and positioning it to attract the right target market. It can also assist businesses to maximize revenue and profit by identifying the most profitable markets.
Segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) is a critical approach to market strategy that defines the three most crucial actions required to build successful products and services, according to Marketing Management. For a new product idea, STP is an essential strategy to ensure that the new product is placed in a position that will attract the right audience and get the most sales.
Below are how the three concepts of STP could be applied to a new product idea: Segmentation: Segmentation is the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market into smaller subsets based on certain shared features. For instance, demographic, psychographic, behavioral, and geographic are the four primary methods to segment a market.
The market will need to be analyzed to determine which features to segment. Targeting: Targeting is the method of deciding which segment(s) to focus on based on their preferences, interests, demands, and desires. After identifying the target market, the product can be directed toward a specific segment, utilizing strategies and techniques such as price discrimination, positioning, and others.
Positioning: Positioning is the final step in the STP approach, and it involves positioning the product to meet the requirements of the target market. Positioning is about creating a unique selling point for the product that distinguishes it from the competition. The concept that a product is well-suited for a certain group of people can assist in creating a perception of the brand in the minds of the consumers.
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______________________ is a group of customers that
wholeheartedly support a brand above and beyond the norm:
Employee of the Month
Brand Manager
None of the Above
Brand Champion
Cheif Marketing Offic
Brand Champion is a group of customers that wholeheartedly support a brand above and beyond the norm.The brand champion is a group of customers who wholeheartedly support a brand above and beyond the norm.
These customers are dedicated to the brand and will promote it to their family, friends, and social networks. They may write reviews, recommend products, or even create their own content to share on social media, all to promote the brand they love.
They are seen as valuable to companies, who work to identify these customers and reward them for their dedication. In some cases, brand champions may even become brand ambassadors or influencers, further solidifying their relationship with the brand. Brand champions are a powerful marketing tool for companies, as their positive reviews and recommendations can drive sales and create a positive image for the brand.
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Use the following information to calculate the value of Coca-Cola stock.
Dividends
2017 - 1.48
2018 - 1.56
2019 - 1.60
2020 - 1.64
2021 - 1.68
Average the growth rates and use as your g%
Use an rs = 9%, calculate the value of the stock.
Increase your g estimate by 1% and calculate the new value.
The current stock price is $55.59
Calculate the rs using the current stock price and the both of your growth estimates
The value of Coca-Cola stock is $39.51 with a growth rate of 3.3%, and $42.86 with a growth rate of 4.3%. The rs using the current stock price is 3.6% with a growth rate of 3.3%, and 4.1% with a growth rate of 4.3%.
To calculate the value of Coca-Cola stock, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) formula:
Value = Dividend / (rs - g)
Using the given dividend values, we can calculate the average growth rate (g%) as follows:
g% = ((1.56/1.48) * (1.60/1.56) * (1.64/1.60) * (1.68/1.64))^(1/4) - 1 = 0.033 or 3.3%
With an rs (required rate of return) of 9%, we can calculate the value of the stock:
Value = 1.68 / (0.09 - 0.033) = $39.51
Increasing the growth estimate by 1% to 4.3%, we can recalculate the value:
Value = 1.68 / (0.09 - 0.043) = $42.86
To calculate the rs (required rate of return) using the current stock price and the growth estimates, we rearrange the DDM formula:
rs = Dividend / Value + g
Using the current stock price of $55.59, the first growth estimate of 3.3%, and the dividend of $1.68, we get:
rs = 1.68 / 55.59 + 0.033 = 0.036 or 3.6%
For the second growth estimate of 4.3%, we have:
rs = 1.68 / 55.59 + 0.043 = 0.041 or 4.1%
Therefore, the rs using the current stock price and the growth estimates are 3.6% and 4.1% respectively.
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AlphaGamma may select one of two mutually exclusive projects A and B, each with a CAPEX of $100,000. There is 50% probability project A has PV of $150,000 and 50% chance it has PV of $80,000. Also, there is 50% chance B has PV of $200,000 and 50% chance its PV = 0. The firm has a debt payable right after the investment is made, and with principal value of $50,000. Assume risk neutrality & equityholders can’t observe the PV before making the investment. Which project has the highest NPV?
Suppose owners finance the new project with new equity – which project is the best for them? Explain why you may get different answers to these questions.
Project A has the highest NPV ($25,000) compared to project B ($0).
Based on the given information, project A has a 50% chance of having a present value (PV) of $150,000 and a 50% chance of having a PV of $80,000. Project B has a 50% chance of having a PV of $200,000 and a 50% chance of having a PV of $0.
To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of each project, we need to subtract the initial investment (CAPEX) from the expected PV.
For project A, the expected NPV is: (0.5 * $150,000) - $100,000 = $25,000.
For project B, the expected NPV is: (0.5 * $200,000) - $100,000 = $0.
Therefore, project A has the highest NPV ($25,000) compared to project B ($0).
If the owners finance the new project with new equity, they may prefer project B because it has a higher potential PV ($200,000) compared to project A ($150,000). This is because equityholders cannot observe the PV before making the investment and may choose the project with the higher potential PV.
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Stephanie Company. has has the following information related to its production. Total Variable Cost per Unit: $114 Total Fixed Costs: $1,120,000 Cost per Machine Setup:$4,000 Cost per Quality Inspection: $500 Direct Labor per unit: $32 Direct Materials per unit: $67 Stephanie Company. currently sells 20,000 units per month at $256 per unit. Stephanie Company. currently uses 50 setups and 200 Quality Inspections for its current output. Stephanie Company. has an opportunity to procude extra units to sell on a special order. The 1,000 units will sell for $285 and will require 30 setups and 40 Quality Inspections. Should Stephanie Company. Accept the order? Show work for both the CVP and ABC method.
In both the CVP and ABC methods, the analysis indicates that accepting the special order would lead to significant losses for Stephanie Company. Therefore, it is not advisable for the company to accept the order.
To determine whether Stephanie Company should accept the special order, we will calculate the costs and profits using both the Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) method and the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) method.
CVP Method:
1. Calculate the total variable cost per unit:
Total Variable Cost per Unit = Total Variable Costs / Total Units
Total Variable Costs = Direct Labor per unit + Direct Materials per unit
= $32 + $67
= $99
Total Variable Cost per Unit = $99
2. Calculate the total fixed costs:
Total Fixed Costs = $1,120,000
3. Calculate the total cost for the current output:
Total Cost = (Total Variable Cost per Unit * Total Units) + Total Fixed Costs
= ($99 * 20,000) + $1,120,000
= $1,980,000 + $1,120,000
= $3,100,000
4. Calculate the total cost for the special order:
Total Cost Special Order = (Total Variable Cost per Unit * Special Order Units) + Total Fixed Costs + (Setup Cost * Number of Setups) + (Inspection Cost * Number of Inspections)
= ($99 * 1,000) + $1,120,000 + ($4,000 * 30) + ($500 * 40)
= $99,000 + $1,120,000 + $120,000 + $20,000
= $1,359,000
5. Calculate the profit for the special order:
Profit Special Order = Revenue Special Order - Total Cost Special Order
= (Selling Price per unit * Special Order Units) - Total Cost Special Order
= ($285 * 1,000) - $1,359,000
= $285,000 - $1,359,000
= -$1,074,000 (loss)
Based on CVP Method:
Based on the CVP analysis, accepting the special order would result in a significant loss of -$1,074,000. Therefore, Stephanie Company should not accept the order.
ABC Method:
1. Calculate the activity rates:
Setup Activity Rate = Setup Cost / Total Setups
= $4,000 / 50
= $80 per setup
Inspection Activity Rate = Inspection Cost / Total Inspections
= $500 / 200
= $2.50 per inspection
2. Calculate the total cost for the current output using ABC method:
Total Cost ABC = (Direct Labor per unit * Total Units) + (Direct Materials per unit * Total Units) + (Setup Activity Rate * Number of Setups) + (Inspection Activity Rate * Number of Inspections) + Total Fixed Costs
= ($32 * 20,000) + ($67 * 20,000) + ($80 * 50) + ($2.50 * 200) + $1,120,000
= $640,000 + $1,340,000 + $4,000 + $500 + $1,120,000
= $3,104,500
3. Calculate the total cost for the special order using ABC method:
Total Cost Special Order ABC = (Direct Labor per unit * Special Order Units) + (Direct Materials per unit * Special Order Units) + (Setup Activity Rate * Number of Setups for Special Order) + (Inspection Activity Rate * Number of Inspections for Special Order) + Total Fixed Costs
= ($32 * 1,000) + ($67 * 1,000) + ($80 * 30) + ($
2.50 * 40) + $1,120,000
= $32,000 + $67,000 + $2,400 + $100 + $1,120,000
= $1,221,500
4. Calculate the profit for the special order using ABC method:
Profit Special Order ABC = Revenue Special Order - Total Cost Special Order ABC
= (Selling Price per unit * Special Order Units) - Total Cost Special Order ABC
= ($285 * 1,000) - $1,221,500
= $285,000 - $1,221,500
= -$936,500 (loss)
Based on ABC Method:
Using the ABC method, the analysis shows that accepting the special order would result in a loss of -$936,500. Therefore, Stephanie Company should not accept the order.
In both the CVP and ABC methods, the analysis indicates that accepting the special order would lead to significant losses for Stephanie Company. Therefore, it is not advisable for the company to accept the order.
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Mobility barriers:
Question 24 options: are important to consider for companies thinking about entering a new strategic group in an industry.
force companies to change their strategy within their strategic group.
inhibit companies from shifting between suppliers for raw materials.
are factors that operate outside of an industry
Mobility barriers force companies to change their strategy within their strategic group.
Mobility barriers are factors that prevent businesses from changing strategic groups in the industry. Mobility barriers, in particular, are crucial to consider when entering new strategic groups in an industry. When they are present, they usually limit the number of firms competing in the industry, allowing companies in a specific strategic group to keep their profits.
Because companies are limited to their strategic group, mobility barriers can prevent them from shifting between suppliers for raw materials. Mobility barriers are often the result of regulatory hurdles, such as patent protection, legal monopolies, and licensing rules, but they may also arise from high start-up expenses or a lack of industry experience.
Mobility barriers, particularly regulatory barriers, are so important that they may stifle competition in an industry by preventing new firms from entering the market. This causes market failure and has a negative impact on society, as well as the business environment.
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How do you propose to position the selected product/service offering in the minds of the target customers.
Positioning a product/service offering in the minds of the target customers is one of the important marketing strategies that a business has to employ.
1. Product differentiation: It is one of the most effective positioning strategies used by marketers to position a product/service offering. Product differentiation is the process of highlighting the unique features of a product/service offering to differentiate it from other products in the market.
This can be achieved by providing a unique value proposition or by adding additional features to the product. 2. Branding: Branding is another important aspect of positioning a product/service offering in the minds of the target customers. A strong brand identity can help differentiate a product/service offering from its competitors and make it more recognizable to customers.
3. Communicate the benefits: It is essential to communicate the benefits of the product/service offering to the target customers in a clear and concise manner. This can be done through various channels such as advertising, public relations, social media, etc. 4. Targeted marketing: Targeted marketing involves identifying and targeting specific customer segments that are more likely to purchase the product/service offering.
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On 1/1/Year 1, Jones Company purchased computer equipment at a cost of $10,000. The equipment has an estimated salvage value of $1,000 and an estimated useful life of 4 years. Jones Company uses the straight-line depreciation method. What is the book value of the equipment at 12/31/Year 2?
A. $6,750.
B. $5,500.
C. $7,750.
D.$4,500.
The correct answer is B. $5,500.Explanation:Book value can be defined as the cost of an asset less accumulated depreciation.
Jones Company purchased computer equipment at a cost of $10,000 with an estimated salvage value of $1,000 and an estimated useful life of 4 years.
Jones Company uses the straight-line depreciation method, which is calculated as follows:Annual depreciation = (cost - salvage value) / useful life
Therefore, annual depreciation of computer equipment is(10,000 - 1,000) / 4 = $2,250The book value at the end of year 1 is calculated as follows:
Cost of computer equipment at the end of year 1 = $10,000 - $2,250 = $7,750Book value at the end of year 1 = $7,750The book value at the end of year 2 is calculated as follows:
Annual depreciation = (cost - salvage value) / useful lifeAnnual depreciation of computer equipment =(10,000 - 1,000) / 4 = $2,250Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2 = $2,250 x 2 = $4,500Book value at the end of year 2 = $10,000 - $4,500 = $5,500Therefore, the book value of the equipment at 12/31/Year 2 is $5,500.
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Record the required journal entry when $4,000 of metal is used to build a machine? To receive full credit ALWAYS give ALL journal entries in proper form. See Hints/FAQ tab on Blackboard. Hint: Ask what kind of cost it is (period or product? If pro duct: DM, DL, indirect? and then decide how it is treated) For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
When metal worth $4,000 is utilized to build a machine, the following journal entry is recorded:Explanation:The cost of metal is a direct material cost of the product as it is used in the manufacturing process. Therefore, it should be considered as a product cost.
To record direct material used, the company debits the Direct Materials Inventory account and credits the Work-in-Process Inventory account. Therefore, the journal entry to record the utilization of $4,000 of metal would be as follows:Journal EntryDateAccount TitlesDebitCreditWork-in-Process Inventory$4,000Direct Materials Inventory$4,000To record direct material used in manufacturing
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Richard is evaluating some of last year's manufacturing costs for his business, Work It Out, which creates custom-fit exercise equipment for high-end clients. He is trying to strengthen his own analytical skills by looking at some of the total cost amounts and working backward to make sure he can find the detailed amounts that comprised these totals. Last year's manufacturing costs are as follows. θ Your answer is incorrect. Given the company's goal to generate a 65% gross margin on these products, how much revenue did the company need to earn on its COGS of $685,500 ? (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.25.) Sales revenue
Given that the company's goal to generate a 65% gross margin on these products, we need to calculate the revenue that the company needs to earn on its COGS of $685,500. Richard, the business owner, is analyzing last year's manufacturing costs for his company, Work It Out.
First, calculate the gross margin percentage as follows: Gross margin = (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue * 100. Using the given information; Gross margin = (Revenue - 685,500) / Revenue * 10065 = (Revenue - 685,500) / Revenue * 1006500 Revenue - 685,500 = 65Revenue. According to the data provided, the manufacturing costs for the previous year were $1,959,000 for labor, $2,340,000 for materials, $457,500 for equipment leases, $427,500 for insurance, $285,000 for taxes, $304,500 for rent, and $100,000 for marketing. Using this information, we must determine how much revenue the company needed to earn with a COGS of $685,500, given the company's target of generating a 65% gross margin on these products. To calculate the gross margin percentage, we'll need to use the following formula: Gross margin = (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue * 100.
To grow any business, having good analytical skills is essential. The sales revenue the company needs to earn on its COGS of $685,500 is $10,710.94. Richard aims to improve his analytical skills by examining some of the overall cost numbers and looking backward to ensure that he can find the detailed amounts that made up these totals.
$1,959,000 + $2,340,000 + $457,500 + $427,500 + $285,000 + $304,500 + $100,000COGS = $6,874,500
65 Revenue - Revenue = 685,50064Revenue = 685,500Revenue = 685,500 / 64 = $10,710.94
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Which balance will be recorded as an asset in a statement of financial position?
A) a credit balance on the bank account
B) a credit balance on a supplier's account
C) a debit balance on the drawings account
D) a debit balance on a customer's account
The correct answer is A) a credit balance on the bank account.
In a statement of financial position (also known as a balance sheet), assets are recorded on the left-hand side of the statement. A credit balance on the bank account represents funds that the company has deposited in the bank, which is an asset. It indicates that the company has cash or cash equivalents available for use in its operations.
Option B) a credit balance on a supplier's account represents a liability because it indicates that the company owes money to the supplier. Liabilities are recorded on the right-hand side of the statement.
Option C) a debit balance on the drawings account represents withdrawals made by the owner(s) from the business, which reduces the owner's equity. It is not classified as an asset.
Option D) a debit balance on a customer's account represents an accounts receivable, which is an asset. However, the question asks for the balance recorded as an asset, and in this case, the credit balance on the bank account is the correct answer.
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1. Stock ABC is currently trading at $52. 84 per share. We are looking at 1-year options with a strike price of $48. 0. If the volatility is 24%, and the risk-free rate is 3. 00%, according to Black- Scholes: I a) What should the call price be? b) What should the put price be? c) What is the hedge ratio? d) Approximately, how many short calls would hedge 100 shares of stock (round to nearest whole number)?
a) The call price should be approximately $7.23. b) The put price should be approximately $1.10. c) The hedge ratio is approximately 0.652. d) Approximately 65 short calls would hedge 100 shares of stock.
To calculate the call and put prices using the Black-Scholes model, we need to use the following formulas:
Call Price = S * N(d1) - X * e^(-r * T) * N(d2)
Put Price = X * e^(-r * T) * N(-d2) - S * N(-d1)
where:
S = Stock price = $52.84
X = Strike price = $48.00
r = Risk-free rate = 3.00% = 0.03
T = Time to expiration = 1 year
d1 = (ln(S/X) + (r + σ^2/2) * T) / (σ * √T)
d2 = d1 - σ * √T
Using the given volatility of 24% = 0.24, we can calculate the values of d1 and d2. Substituting the values into the formulas, we find that the call price should be approximately $7.23 and the put price should be approximately $1.10.
The hedge ratio is given by the formula:
Hedge Ratio = N(d1)
Substituting the value of d1 into the formula, we get a hedge ratio of approximately 0.652.
To calculate the number of short calls needed to hedge 100 shares of stock, we divide 100 by the hedge ratio (0.652) and round to the nearest whole number. Approximately 65 short calls would hedge 100 shares of stock.
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a. A non-current asset, an intangible non-current asset, a class of non-current assets and amortisation of this class of asset. b. The prudence convention applied in valuation of the inventory as required under MFRS 102, Inventories.
a. Non-current assets include property, plant, and equipment, intangible assets, and long-term investments, while intangible non-current assets lack physical substance but hold value, such as patents and trademarks.
b. The prudence convention values inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value, ensuring a conservative approach by recognizing potential risks and uncertainties in inventory valuation.
a.
- A non-current asset refers to an asset that is expected to provide economic benefits to a company for more than one year. Examples of non-current assets include property, plant, and equipment (PPE), intangible assets, and long-term investments.
- An intangible non-current asset refers to an asset that lacks physical substance but has value to a company. Examples of intangible non-current assets include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and goodwill.
- A class of non-current assets refers to a group or category of similar non-current assets. For example, a company may have a class of non-current assets called "Property, Plant, and Equipment" which includes land, buildings, machinery, and vehicles.
- Amortization is the process of allocating the cost of an intangible non-current asset over its useful life. It is similar to depreciation for tangible non-current assets. Amortization expense is recognized in the financial statements to reflect the gradual consumption or expiration of the intangible asset's value. The useful life and amortization method for an intangible asset are determined based on factors such as legal or contractual terms, expected future benefits, and industry practices.
b.
The prudence convention, as required under MFRS 102 (Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards), relates to the valuation of inventories. It states that inventories should be valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. This means that if the cost of inventory is higher than its net realizable value (the estimated selling price less estimated costs to complete and sell), the inventory should be written down to its net realizable value.
The application of the prudence convention ensures that inventories are not overstated in the financial statements. It reflects a conservative approach to valuing inventories, considering the potential risks and uncertainties in realizing their full value.
For example, if the cost of inventory is $10,000, but its net realizable value is estimated to be $8,000, the inventory should be valued at $8,000 in accordance with the prudence convention. This ensures that the financial statements provide a more conservative and realistic representation of the company's assets and financial position.
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Consider a market where supply and demand are given by Q X
S
=−18+PX and Q X
d=90−2PX. Suppose the government imposes a price floor of $41, and agrees to purchase and discard any and all units consumers do not buy at the floor price of $41 per unit. Instructions: Enter your responses rounded to the nearest penny (two decimal places). a. Determine the cost to the government of buying firms' unsold units. $ b. Compute the lost social welfare (deadweight loss) that stems from the $41 price floor. $
The unit price floor is $41.00. It exceeds the price of equilibrium. It is both above and below the supply curve at the same time. There will be an abundance of the good as a result.
The government has agreed to purchase and discard all unsold units by paying the firms. To find the cost of buying these units, we need to find out the quantity of unsold units. We can find out the quantity of unsold units by finding out the difference between the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the price floor. Quantity supplied at the price floor: Qs = -18 + P = -18 + 41 = 23Quantity demanded at the price floor: Q d = 90 - 2P = 90 - 2(41) = 8Therefore, the quantity of unsold units is: QU = Qs - Q d = 23 - 8 = 15.
b. The lost social welfare (deadweight loss) that stems from the $41 price floor is the loss in consumer and producer surplus due to the price floor. The lost social welfare is given by the area of the triangle formed by the demand curve, supply curve, and the two vertical lines drawn at the price floor.
The height of the triangle is the difference between the equilibrium price and the price floor, which is $41 - $19.5 = $21.5. The width of the triangle is the quantity of unsold units, which is 15. The lost social welfare is given by: DWL = 0.5 x base x height= 0.5 x 15 x 21.5= 161.25.
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Lessee Company enters into a 6-year finance lease of non-specialized equipment with Lessor Company on January 1. Lessee has agreed to pay $72,800 annually beginning immediately on January 1. The lessor estimates the residual value of the equipment to be $13,000 at lease end, and the lessee guarantees the residual value. The economic life of the asset is 7 years. The lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is 7% and the lessor’s implicit rate is not readily determinable by the lessee company.
Compute the value of the lease liability for the lessee on January 1, under the following separate scenarios.
a. The lessee estimates that the underlying asset will have a fair value of $13,000 at the end of the lease.
b. The lessee estimates that the underlying asset will have a fair value of $5,200 at the end of the lease
(a)The first step in computing the value of lease liability is to find out whether the lease is an operating lease or finance lease. A lease is a finance lease if it meets any one of the following five criteria.
1) The lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term.
2) The lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the asset at a bargain price.3) The lease term is equal to 75% or more of the estimated economic life of the asset.
4) The present value of minimum lease payments equals or exceeds 90% of the fair value of the asset at the inception of the lease,
or
5) The underlying asset is of a specialized nature such that it will be of no use to the lessor at the end of the lease except for its scrap value.
In this question, the lease meets the third criteria as the lease term of 6 years equals 85.71% of the asset’s economic life of 7 years.
Therefore, this is a finance lease for the lessee.Therefore, the first step in computing the value of lease liability is to find the present value of minimum lease payments. This involves finding the discount rate to be used. Since the implicit rate of the lessor is not known, the lessee must use its incremental borrowing rate of 7%.Present value of an annuity of 1 per year for 6 years at 7% discount rate is $4.8687.
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