suppose you have $1,000 today and the risk-free rate of interest ( rf) is 2.3%. the equivalent value in one year is closest to:

b) Monitoring managers gives rise to costly state verification.

In a principal-agent relationship, the principal hires an agent to act on their behalf to accomplish a task or objective. However, the agent may have different objectives or interests than the principal, leading to a potential conflict of interest.

In such cases, the principal may need to monitor the agent's actions to ensure that they are working in the best interest of the principal.

The process of monitoring requires resources and effort, which results in costs to the principal. These costs are referred to as the "costly state verification" problem.

The term "state" refers to the information about the agent's actions and performance, which the principal must obtain to determine whether the agent is fulfilling their duties. The verification process involves checking whether the agent is acting as agreed, and if not, taking corrective action.

The costly state verification problem arises because it can be challenging and expensive for the principal to gather accurate and complete information about the agent's actions.

The principal must devote resources to monitoring the agent, which can be time-consuming and expensive. Moreover, the agent may have an incentive to hide information or misrepresent their actions, making it even more difficult for the principal to obtain accurate information.

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Answer:

One way that human resource departments affect organizations is that they manage employee recruiting, which determines which employees are hired. The recruitment process typically involves such tasks as looking at resumes, attending job fairs and conducting multiple interviews.

Multidimensional scaling provides a perceptual map of the actual competitive position of brands relative to each other in terms of consumer ratings that are stable over time. This statement is true.

Multidimensional scaling is a statistical method that allows for the construction of perceptual maps that show how consumers see the different brands in a particular market. It is a technique used to identify patterns in consumer preferences and to gain insights into how consumers perceive and evaluate brands.

Multidimensional scaling provides a way to measure the similarity or dissimilarity between different brands in terms of the perceptions of consumers. It does this by creating a map that shows the distance between different brands based on their similarities and differences in terms of the attributes that consumers use to evaluate them. This map is known as a perceptual map.Most perceptual maps are two-dimensional, but some can be three-dimensional. The position of each brand on the map is determined by the ratings that consumers give to the different attributes of the brand. These ratings are stable over time, which means that the map provides a snapshot of the competitive position of different brands at a particular point in time.

In conclusion, the statement that "multidimensional scaling provides a perceptual map of the actual competitive position of brands relative to each other in terms of consumer ratings that are stable over time" is true.

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"Employees' claims for salaries" have the highest priority among the following unsecured liabilities when an insolvent company is about to be liquidated. Option A is the correct answer.

An unsecured liability is a type of financial obligation or debt that does not require any collateral or security from the borrower. Unsecured loans, credit card balances, medical bills, unpaid taxes, and personal loans are all examples of unsecured liabilities. Insolvency is a financial state in which a business is unable to meet its obligations to its creditors. When a company becomes insolvent and is unable to pay its debts, it may be liquidated or placed in bankruptcy.

Among the unsecured liabilities listed, employees' claims for salaries have the highest priority when an insolvent company is about to be liquidated. It is because employees are entitled to receive unpaid wages and other employment-related compensation before other unsecured creditors.

The priority of unsecured creditors is determined by bankruptcy laws, which vary by jurisdiction. Claims for expenses of administering the bankruptcy, federal income taxes payable, bank loans, and loans made to the company by its stockholders are examples of other unsecured liabilities.

Option A is the correct answer.

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The market price of the bond is $5,734.71.

To calculate the market price of the bond, we need to use the bond pricing formula. Using the given information, we can calculate the semiannual coupon payment as follows:

Coupon rate = 4.11%

Par value = $5,000

Semiannual coupon payment = Coupon rate * Par value / 2 = 4.11% * $5,000 / 2 = $102.75

We can then use the bond pricing formula to calculate the market price of the bond:

Market price = (Semiannual coupon payment / (1 + Yield to maturity / 2) ^ (2 * Number of years to maturity)) + (Par value / (1 + Yield to maturity / 2) ^ (2 * Number of years to maturity))

Substituting the values, we get:

Market price = ($102.75 / (1 + 0.0375 / 2) ^ (2 * 21)) + ($5,000 / (1 + 0.0375 / 2) ^ (2 * 21))

Market price = $2,268.63 + $3,466.08

Market price = $5,734.71

Therefore, the market price of the bond is $5,734.71.

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A company decides to reduce its number of warehouse locations (logistically postpone). This decision would result in poorer service to customers or higher transportation cost.

When a step in the production of a product is put off until the customer buys it, this is known as logistics postponement. The five different types of postponement are time, labeling, packaging, assembly, and manufacturing. Utilizing logistic postponement has many benefits.

The ability to offer customers customization is the most significant of these. Offering a product that can be altered through logistic postponement recognizes that no two people's needs are the same. As long as sales are uncertain, this helps to cut costs.

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After 13 years of litigation, the antitrust case against IBM was dismissed due to the passage of the Celler-Kefauver Act, which altered the pertinent antitrust laws.

IBM established the company's innocence of wrongdoing. The per se rule replaced the rule of reason in antitrust laws. The market saw the entry of new competitors, and the political climate shifted to a less harsh interpretation of antitrust rules.

In a 1969 lawsuit, IBM was accused of illegally acquiring and maintaining its monopoly over general-purpose digital computers through exclusionary and other business practises. Predatory Behavior Exceeding the 1956 Decree.

In the 1969 lawsuit, IBM was accused of acting in an exclusive and exploitative manner.Data from the experiment up to 1980 were used to establish I.B.M.'s 80% market share.

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The Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination is a provision in the United States Constitution that protects defendants from incriminating themselves through their testimony in court or any other legal proceedings.

The Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination is not triggered because it is limited to testimonial evidence. Defendants can't be forced to provide information that might implicate them in criminal conduct or that might assist the prosecution's case. In addition, it includes the right to refuse to answer any questions that might lead to incriminating evidence. The right also applies to all types of criminal cases.

In Milo's case, when the SEC agents approach him while he was walking from his office to the parking lot and ask him questions about the case, the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination is not triggered because it is limited to testimonial evidence.

As a result, Milo can say anything he wants to the SEC agents because he isn't being forced to provide evidence that could be used against him in court. It is significant to note, however, that if Milo lied to the SEC agents or if he knowingly withheld important information that could have assisted the investigation, he could face severe legal consequences.

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The conventional benefit-cost ratio for this project is 23.29

To calculate the conventional benefit-cost (B/C) ratio, we need to first calculate the total present value of the costs and benefits over the study period of 20 years, discounted at an interest rate of 6% per year.

The costs include the initial cost of grading and spreading gravel on the road, which is $300,000, and the annual maintenance cost, which is $16,000 per year.

The benefits include the increase in property values along the road, which is 126% of the previous market value of $900,000, or $1,012,000.

Using a discount rate of 6%, we can calculate the present value of the costs and benefits over the 20-year study period as follows

Present value of costs = $300,000 + $16,000 × [tex]\frac{1-(1+0.06)^{-20}}{0.06}[/tex]

= $567,947.27

Present value of benefits = $1,012,000 ×  [tex]\frac{1-(1+0.06)^{-20}}{0.06}[/tex]

= $13,232,169.59

Conventional B/C ratio = Present value of benefits / Present value of costs = $13,232,169.59 / $567,947.27 = 23.29

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The absence of language about ownership of inventions in Jim's employment contract could also play a role in this situation. In the end, the ownership of the patent would be decided by the court taking into account all of the facts and arguments put up by both parties.

The outcome of the case would depend on the laws of the jurisdiction in which the case is being heard, as well as the specific facts of the case. However, in general, if Jim came up with the idea on his own time and without using any of the company's resources, he may have a strong case for ownership of the invention. If the company can prove that Jim used company resources or came up with the idea while on the job, they may have a stronger case for ownership. The fact that Jim's employment contract said nothing about ownership of inventions may also be a factor in the case. Ultimately, the court would need to weigh all of the evidence and arguments presented by both sides to determine who owns the patent.

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When the expected sales for the first six months of the year are given, the number of units to be produced in March is expected to be 17,000.

To calculate the number of units to be produced in March, we can follow these steps:

Determine the desired ending inventory for March

Add March's expected sales 16,000 units (given in the problem).

Subtract the ending inventory from February

Calculate the total units to be produced in March

The number of units to be produced in March is 17,000.

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If a manager anticipates 2,000 guests next week and the manager's operation serves 2.5 guests per labor dollar expended, the manager's estimated labor cost next week will be 800 labor dollars.

The given data can be used to compute the estimated labor cost next week. The manager anticipates that 2,000 guests will be served next week. The manager's operation serves 2.5 guests per labor dollar expended.

1. The manager anticipates serving 2,000 guests next week.

2. The operation serves 2.5 guests per labor dollar expended.

3. To find the labor dollars required to serve 2,000 guests, divide the number of guests by the guests served per labor dollar:

2,000 guests / 2.5 guests per labor dollar = 800 labor dollars.

So, the manager's estimated cost of labor next week will be 800 labor dollars.

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Financing cash flows include cash received from the issuance of common stock

Financing activities refer to transactions that involve the acquisition or repayment of long-term liabilities and equity.

These activities include borrowing money, issuing stock, and repurchasing stock. Cash received from the issuance of common stock is a financing cash flow because it involves the sale of equity in the company to investors.

The other options listed in the question - cash received from the sale of a used company truck, cash paid for supplies, and cash received from a customer - are examples of operating cash flows or investing cash flows, not financing cash flows.

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Starbucks' ethical sourcing policies serve as a strong example of a Corporate Social Responsibility initiative, benefiting not only the company and its shareholders, but also the environment, local communities, and customers.

Starbucks' ethical sourcing policies are an example of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative that benefits multiple stakeholders including shareholders, the environment, local communities, and customers.

Step 1: Ethical sourcing policies are created
Starbucks develops guidelines and standards for their supply chain to ensure ethical practices, such as fair labor conditions, environmental conservation, and responsible farming.

Step 2: Suppliers and farmers adhere to the policies
By requiring their suppliers and farmers to follow these policies, Starbucks helps promote fair labor practices and environmental conservation in the communities where their products are sourced.

Step 3: Customers become aware of the initiative
Starbucks communicates their commitment to ethical sourcing to customers, showcasing their dedication to CSR and attracting customers who value these practices.

Step 4: Shareholders benefit from the initiative
As a result of the positive public image created by these CSR initiatives, Starbucks' shareholders can benefit from potential increased sales, customer loyalty, and a stronger brand reputation.

Step 5: The environment and local communities see positive effects
Through ethical sourcing policies, Starbucks contributes to the protection of the environment, supports local communities with better labor conditions, and encourages sustainable practices in their supply chain.

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In economics, marginal analysis involves comparing the additional costs and additional benefits of an activity.

Marginal analysis refers to the examination of the additional (marginal) cost and benefit of a particular action. The concept of marginal analysis is commonly used in economics to assist people in making choices among different actions. To put it another way, marginal analysis is a way of evaluating the relationship between the cost of something and the advantage of it. For example, if a firm is considering producing an additional product, they would compare the additional revenue obtained by selling one more product with the additional cost of producing that extra item.In economics, when marginal benefits equal marginal costs, the maximum benefit is achieved. This is because at this point, any further activity beyond the marginal point yields a lower overall profit or benefit. Hence, marginal analysis provides a way to assess the additional costs and benefits of an activity, which aids decision-making. So, in economics, marginal analysis involves comparing the additional costs and additional benefits of an activity.

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Interest rate derivatives were introduced in response to an increase in the volatility of interest rates in the late 1970s as the Federal Reserve began to target monetary aggregates instead of interest rates.

A financial derivative contract known as an "Interest Rate Derivative" (IRD) derives its value from one or more interest rates, the cost of instruments that track interest rates, or interest rate indices. The value of an Interest Rate Option (IRO) is based on Rupee interest rates or other interest rate instruments.

Over the course of the swap, they typically take the form of exchanging cash flows from a fixed interest rate for cash flows from a floating interest rate. When one leg of the swap pays or receives a fixed rate while the other leg has a floating rate, this type of trade is also referred to as a set for a floating swap.

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The correct answer is c. For any given year, the CPI (Consumer Price Index) is calculated as the ratio of the price of the basket of goods and services in the given year to the price of the same basket in the base year (which is usually set to 100), and then multiplied by 100.

The CPI is used as a measure of inflation, as it reflects the change in the cost of living over time. By comparing the CPI in different years, we can determine whether prices are rising or falling and by how much, and this information can be used by policymakers, businesses, and consumers to make informed decisions.

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Kingston Company's contribution margin ratio is 82.44%, meaning that for every dollar of sales revenue, 82.44 cents are available to cover fixed costs and generate profits.

The contribution margin ratio is a key financial metric used to assess the profitability of a company's products or services. It represents the percentage of sales revenue that is available to cover a company's fixed costs and generate profits.

To calculate the contribution margin ratio for Kingston Company, we need to first determine its contribution margin, which is the difference between the selling price and variable costs per unit.

The variable costs consist of the manufacturing and selling costs, which are calculated as follows:

Manufacturing costs = $25,000 + (40% x $200) = $25,000 + $80 = $25,080

Selling costs = $10,000 + (20% x $200) = $10,000 + $40 = $10,040

Variable costs per unit = $25,080 + $10,040 = $35,120

Next, we can calculate the contribution margin per unit by subtracting the variable costs per unit from the selling price per unit:

Contribution margin per unit = $200 - $35.12 = $164.88

Finally, we can calculate the contribution margin ratio by dividing the contribution margin per unit by the selling price per unit:

Contribution margin ratio = ($164.88 / $200) x 100% = 82.44%

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The revised contribution margin ratio after purchasing the new equipment would be 0.55

To calculate the revised contribution margin ratio, we need to first calculate the contribution margin both before and after the purchase of the new equipment.

Before purchasing the new equipment

Break-even sales = $540,000

Break-even units = 9,000

Variable cost per unit = $60

Contribution margin per unit = Selling price - Variable cost per unit = $100 - $60 = $40

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit / Selling price = $40 / $100 = 0.4 or 40%

After purchasing the new equipment

Fixed costs increase from $260,000 to $290,000 per month

Variable cost per unit decreases by $15 to $45 per unit

Contribution margin per unit = Selling price - Variable cost per unit = $100 - $45 = $55

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit / Selling price = $55 / $100 = 0.55

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The given statement, "According to get a financial life, if you want to open a 401(k), you are required to max out your contributions every year (SFL 260)," is false (F).

This is because you are not required to max out your 401(k) contributions every year according to "Get a Financial Life" (SFL 260).

"Get a Financial Life" is a personal finance book that provides advice on managing money and building wealth. The book states that there is no requirement to max out your 401(k) contributions every year. While contributing the maximum amount to your 401(k) can be a smart financial move, it may not be feasible for everyone.

Factors such as income level, expenses, and other financial obligations may make it difficult or impossible for some people to contribute the maximum amount. It is important to contribute as much as you can comfortably afford, but there is no mandate to max out your contributions every year.

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The amount of inventory that was purchased by the Cortez Company during the year is B) $33,000.

It has been given that

Cost of Goods Sold =$31,000

Ending inventory=$25,000

Beginning Inventory=$23,000

We have to use the formula,

Inventory purchased = Cost of Goods Sold + Ending inventory - Beginning Inventory

Now, putting the information provided in the formula. We get:

Inventory purchased =$31,000+$25,000-$23,000

Inventory purchased=$31,000

In conclusion, the amount of inventory that was purchased during the year is $33,000.

The term "inventory" refers to both the raw materials used in production and the finished goods that are offered for sale. Because the turnover of an organization's inventory is one of the main sources of revenue generation and, consequently, earnings for the company's shareholders, it is one of the most significant assets a company has.

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Note that the full question is:

cortez company updates its inventory records perpetually. the company's records showed a beginning inventory of $23,000, cost of goods sold of $31,000, and ending inventory of $25,000. how much inventory was purchased during the year? multiple choice

A) $25,000.

B) $33,000.

C) $15,500.

D) $29,000.

A Monopoly exists when one company controls the entire request. This is option A.

The main fountainhead of monopoly dominion is barriers to entry.

Monopoly power requires that an establishment be suitable to profitably set prices high enough to achieve a superior return on investment. It isn't clear how important price must exceed the borderline cost in the short run before monopoly power emerges.

A monopoly exists when one company and its product dominate the entire assiduity with little or no competition and consumers must buy the good or service from a single company.

Question

The main source of monopoly power is

a) Barriers to entry.

b) useful.

c) Reduction of the average total costs.

d) produced without close backups.

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The threat which impacted the decision which was made by the Kruger company according to Michael Porter was the rivalry which basically existed between the organizations present in the business.

The correct option is b.

Kruger is a company who wanted to open more stores in a very minor metro area but as it was determined that their main competitors already had their stores in the same area, they decided against it and put their stores in another area.

According to Michael Porter, the reason behind this change in decision was due to the threat of rivalry. Rivalry in businesses can cause a decrease in amount of profit which is obtained.

Hence, the correct option is option b.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Kruger Company was considering adding extra stores in a minor metro area, but it determined that its main competitor already had several locations there so it decided to put its stores elsewhere. According to Michael Porter, which threat impacted Kruger's decision?

a. the power of large suppliers

b. the level of rivalry among organizations in the industry

c. the potential for entry into the industry

d. the threat of substitute products

e. the power of large customers"--

Predatory pricing does not function as a barrier to entry into an oligopoly market.

Oligopoly market is a market that is ruled by a small number of companies or businesses. An oligopoly market is characterized by an industry with a small number of large firms, usually two to ten.

These firms are interdependent, which means that the actions of one company affect the other firms in the market. Entry barriers are usually high in oligopolistic industries, making it difficult for new companies to enter the market.

Patents, control of distribution outlets, and the expense involved in nonprice competition all function as barriers to entry into an oligopoly market. Predatory pricing, on the other hand, does not function as a barrier to entry into an oligopoly market.

Predatory pricing is a strategy used by dominant firms to reduce competition by pricing products so low that other firms cannot match the prices and stay in business. This strategy may result in lower prices for consumers, but it is not a barrier to entry.

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The statement " in a pull supply chain, there is less likelihood of being overstocked or out of stock because the store requests for merchandise are based on customer demand" is true because a pull supply chain allows stores to order merchandise based on customer demand, reducing the likelihood of being overstocked or out of stock.

In a pull supply chain, the store requests for merchandise are based on customer demand, rather than on forecasts or projections. This means that the store only orders what it needs, when it needs it, which reduces the likelihood of being overstocked or out of stock. This is because the store is able to respond quickly and efficiently to changes in customer demand, ensuring that the right amount of inventory is always available.

Additionally, a pull supply chain reduces the amount of inventory held by the store, which can result in cost savings and improved cash flow. Overall, a pull supply chain is a more customer-focused and efficient approach to inventory management.

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The balance in the right-of-use asset after two years would be $334,052.

In a finance lease, the lessee records a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. The lease liability is equal to the present value of lease payments discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease or the lessee's incremental borrowing rate.

In this case, we know that the interest rate charged by the lessor is 8%, which is also the lessee's incremental borrowing rate.

Using the formula for present value of an annuity due, we can calculate the lease liability as follows:

Lease Liability = $400,000 x [1 - (1 + 0.08)^-10] / 0.08

= $400,000 x 6.7101

= $2,684,040

After two years, the lease liability would be reduced to:

Lease Liability after 2 years = $2,684,040 x [1 - (1 + 0.08)^-8] / 0.08

= $1,142,988

The balance in the right-of-use asset would be equal to the initial balance of $400,000 minus the cumulative lease payments of $807,948 over two years, which gives us:

Right-of-use Asset after 2 years = $400,000 - $807,948

= $334,052

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If your nominal rate of return is 14.38 percent and your real rate of return is 3.97 percent, then the inflation rate is 10.01 percent. Therefore, the correct option is 1.

To find the inflation rate when given the nominal rate of return (14.38%) and the real rate of return (3.97%), you can use the Fisher equation:

(1 + nominal rate) = (1 + real rate) × (1 + inflation rate).

Step 1: Convert the rates to decimals:

Nominal rate = 0.1438

Real rate = 0.0397

Step 2: Plug the values into the Fisher equation:

(1 + 0.1438) = (1 + 0.0397) × (1 + inflation rate)

Step 3: Solve for the inflation rate:

1.1438 = 1.0397 × (1 + inflation rate)

Step 4: Divide both sides by 1.0397:

1.1001 = 1 + inflation rate

Step 5: Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the inflation rate:

0.1001 = inflation rate

Step 6: Convert the decimal to a percentage:

10.01%

The inflation rate is option 1: 10.01%.

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a. accumulated other comprehensive income (PSC).

Pension plans are long-term employee benefits that provide retirement income for employees. When a company adopts a pension plan, prior service costs (PSCs) must be accounted for.

PSCs are costs associated with the benefits already earned by employees prior to the adoption of the pension plan. These costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. The PSCs are not charged to operations of prior periods because they are related to the benefits earned in the current period.

The PSCs are also not charged to retained earnings as this would create a mismatch between the company’s expenses and its revenue for the period. Instead, the PSCs are charged to accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). This allows for the matching of the PSCs with the related pension plan expenses, which are also charged to AOCI. This ensures that the PSCs are not reported in the current period’s income statement.

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Certain property obtained by the insolvent after the petition is filed becomes part of the bankruptcy estate under the liquidation provisions of chapter 7 of the federal bankruptcy code an example of such property is inheritance received by the debtor within 180 days of the filing of the petition.

Debtors should be informed that chapter 7 assistance is not the only option available. For instance, business-operating creditors, such as corporations, partnerships, and single proprietorships, may opt to carry on with operations rather than go through with liquidation. Such creditors ought to think about submitting a chapter 11 claim under the Bankruptcy Code. Under chapter 11, the debtor may ask for a debt modification, such as a debt reduction or an extension of the payback period, or a more thorough restructuring. Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code may also be able to assist sole proprietorships.

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under the liquidation provisions of chapter 7 of the federal bankruptcy code, certain property acquired by the debtor after the filing of the petition becomes part of the bankruptcy estate. an example of such property is ______________