The cash balance is determined by adding the checking account balance, cash advance to subsidiary, and utility deposit while excluding the certificate of deposit. The total cash balance in this scenario is $2,248,120. Certificate of deposit is not considered cash as it represents a time deposit.
The cash balance, we need to consider the relevant items and exclude any non-cash items.
1. Checking account balance: $1,091,500
2. Certificate of deposit: Not considered cash since it represents a time deposit and is not immediately available for use.
3. Cash advance to subsidiary: $1,156,400
4. Utility deposit paid to gas company: $220
The cash balance, we sum up the cash items and exclude the non-cash item:
Cash balance = Checking account balance + Cash advance to subsidiary + Utility deposit
Cash balance = $1,091,500 + $1,156,400 + $220
Cash balance = $2,248,120
Therefore, the cash balance is $2,248,120.
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What are some of the tax issues that are important for your business to avoid?
As an entrepreneur, understanding tax matters is an important aspect of operating your business. Your small business taxes are calculated by taking into account the profit or loss, as well as the company’s structure. Paying taxes as a small business owner is a must, but there are several issues that you must avoid.
Here are some of the tax issues that are important for your business to avoid:1. Failing to Collect and Pay Payroll TaxesPayroll taxes are funds that employers withhold from their employees' wages, including Social Security, Medicare, and other taxes. The law requires employers to pay payroll taxes on behalf of their employees and to submit them to the relevant government authorities.
Employers are obligated to deduct these taxes from their employees' paychecks and make their portion of the payment. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will impose hefty penalties on businesses that fail to pay their payroll taxes on time.2.
Misclassifying Employees as Independent ContractorsIt is critical to understand the distinction between an employee and an independent contractor when it comes to payroll tax withholding. An employee is someone who works for a company, while an independent contractor is self-employed and not subject to the same payroll tax laws.
It is important to classify employees and independent contractors correctly, as failing to do so can result in significant tax penalties.3. Overlooking Deductions and Credits There are various tax deductions and credits available to small business owners, including equipment purchases, home office deductions, and educational expenses, among others.
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While driving his neighbor's car, Eric Gee is injured in an accident caused by an uninsured motorist. How will this loss be paid? A) The neighbor's policy will pay the full amount of the loss because
While driving his neighbor's car, Eric Gee is injured in an accident caused by an uninsured motorist. The loss will be paid by Eric Gee's neighbor's uninsured motorist coverage.
Uninsured motorist coverage (UM) is an optional coverage that protects drivers when the at-fault party in an accident doesn't have insurance. The coverage is also applicable when the driver is involved in a hit-and-run accident. Uninsured motorist insurance coverage is usually included as part of a driver's personal car insurance policy.
In this particular case, the loss incurred by Eric Gee will be paid for by his neighbor's uninsured motorist coverage. Although he was driving his neighbor's car, the car insurance policy that applies will be that of his neighbor's as the vehicle belongs to his neighbor and it was his neighbor's policy that covered the vehicle.
Uninsured motorist coverage is a supplementary coverage, which means that the coverage limit can be the same as the liability insurance policy or lower than it. It is important to note that some states mandate the purchase of UM insurance coverage while other states allow drivers to waive it. It is important for a driver to check if uninsured motorist coverage is a requirement in their state and also make sure to compare different coverage options to find the best coverage that fits their budget.
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Advance medical directives include which of the following? I. durable power of attorney for health care II. living will
Advance medical directives include durable power of attorney for health care and living will. Advance medical directives are legal documents that outline the medical treatment an individual wants to receive in case they become incapacitated or cannot make decisions on their own due to illness or injury.
Advance medical directives are divided into two types; a living will and a durable power of attorney for health care. A living will is a legal document that outlines a person's wishes regarding medical treatment if they are unable to make decisions for themselves. This document becomes effective when an individual is in a life-threatening condition or permanently unconscious.
A living will specifies which medical procedures the person does or does not want and under what circumstances. A durable power of attorney for health care is another type of advance medical directive that assigns someone to make health care decisions on an individual's behalf if they cannot make decisions for themselves. This person is called a health care agent or proxy.
The individual specifies in writing what medical decisions they want their agent to make for them. The person can choose anyone as their health care agent, including a family member or friend. However, the person should select someone who is trustworthy, reliable, and understands their wishes.
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Dolls are the flow unit in a process with two sequential resources. The capacities of the resources are 1.5 and 0.99 dolls per minute. Demand occurs at the rate 1.1 dolls per minute. Instruction: Round your answer to one decimal place. What is the utilization (\%) of the first resource?
To calculate the utilization of the first resource, we need to determine the ratio of the flow rate through the first resource to its capacity. The flow rate through the first resource is equal to the demand rate, which is 1.1 dolls per minute.
Utilization (%) = (Flow rate / Capacity) * 100
Utilization (%) = (1.1 dolls per minute / 1.5 dolls per minute) * 100
Utilization (%) = 0.7333 * 100
Utilization (%) ≈ 73.3%
Therefore, the utilization of the first resource is approximately 73.3%.
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Suppose you observe the following zero-coupon bond prices per $1 of maturity payment: 0.94038 (1-year), 0.88017 (2-year), 0.81333 (3-year). Compute r0(2,3), the 1-year implied forward rate for year 3. a. 8.68% b. 6.69% c. 8.22% d. 15.62% e. 7.11%
Implied forward rate implies the estimated rate that is calculated from the present yield curve and used to produce an expected future interest rate.
The formula to calculate the 1-year implied forward rate for year 3 (r0(2,3)) is as follows:r0(2,3) = ((P_2/P_3)^(1/n) - 1) × n where P_2, P_3 are the bond prices of the 2-year and 3-year zero-coupon bonds, respectively, and n is the number of years between these maturities.
Substituting the values of the bond prices gives:r0(2,3) = ((0.88017/0.81333)^(1/1) - 1) × 1r0(2,3) = (1.0822 - 1) × 1r0(2,3) = 0.0822 = 8.22%
Therefore, the 1-year implied forward rate for year 3 is c. 8.22%.
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Question 10 Suppose there are 6 binary decision variables, X1, X2, X3. X4, X5, and X6 in an integer optimization problem, each of which indicates the selection (or not) of a project. Write a single linear constraint modeling the situation that projects 2 and 4 cannot be selected together. Edit Format Table 12pt Paragraph BIUA 2 T¹² 4 15 2 pts }
A linear constraint can be formulated as X2 + X4 <= 1 to ensure that projects 2 and 4 cannot be selected together in the integer optimization problem.
To model the situation where projects 2 and 4 cannot be selected together using linear constraints, we can introduce binary variables for each project. Let X2 and X4 represent the binary variables for projects 2 and 4, respectively. The constraint can be formulated as:
X2 + X4 <= 1
This constraint ensures that either project 2 (X2 = 1) or project 4 (X4 = 1) can be selected, but not both. If X2 and X4 are both equal to 0, indicating that neither project is selected, the constraint is satisfied.
If either X2 or X4 is equal to 1, indicating that one of the projects is selected, the constraint is also satisfied. However, if both X2 and X4 are equal to 1, violating the constraint, the constraint evaluates to 2, which is greater than 1, indicating an infeasible solution.
By incorporating this constraint into the larger integer optimization problem, we ensure that projects 2 and 4 cannot be selected together.
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A written explanation would be helpful, none of the other answers I can find are correct.Hint: Outstanding Balance at 20 = (0.59774)*L = L - Value of first 20 payments at time 20 Question 4 A loan of L is taken over ten years and will be repaid using the sinking fund method with equal size quarterly payments (i.e. end of quarter) each of size 387.57 at a nominal annual interest rate of q% compounded quarterly. The outstanding balance for this loan after the 20th payment is 0.59774L. Calculate L. Give your answer rounded to the nearest whole number (i.e. X).
The loan amount found is 21346 using the nominal annual interest rate.
This question involves determining the nominal annual interest rate, which will be denoted as r.
We can use the formula
[tex]A=P(1+r/n)^(nt)[/tex] to calculate the total value of the loan.
This formula can be manipulated into a form that will allow us to solve for r, as shown below:
[tex]A = P(1+r/n)^(nt)\\A/P = (1+r/n)^(nt)\\ln(A/P) = nt ln(1+r/n)\\r = n((A/P)^(1/nt) - 1)[/tex]
where A is the total value of the loan, P is the quarterly payment, n is the number of times that the loan is compounded in a year (in this case, n=4), and t is the time that the loan is outstanding (in this case, t=10 years).
If we plug in the values that we know, we get:
[tex]A = 387.57*(4*10) = 155028\\r = 4*((1 - 0.59774L/L)^(1/(4*10)) - 1)\\ = 0.007527[/tex]
Using these values for A and r, we can solve for P using the sinking fund formula:
Outstanding Balance at 20 = (0.59774)*L
= L - Value of first 20 payments at time
[tex]20(0.59774)*L = P*(1 + r/4)^60 - P*((1 + r/4)^20 - 1)/(r/4)(0.59774)\\L = P*(1.019038)^60 - P*(1.007527)^20/(0.007527)0.59774\\L = 387.57*(1.019038)^60 - 387.57*(1.007527)^20/0.007527\\L = 21346\\[/tex]
Rounded to the nearest whole number, L = 21346.
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What of the following statements about the SML (Security Market Line) approach is not correct? The SML approach explicitly adjusts for systematic risk. The SML approach is applicable to all companies, including those companies which do not pay dividends. The SML approach must estimate the expected market risk premium and beta, which are stable over time. The SML approach relies on the past to predict the future, which is not always reliable.
The statement "The SML approach must estimate the expected market risk premium and beta, which are stable over time" is not correct.
The SML approach does require estimating the expected market risk premium and beta, but these values are not necessarily stable over time. The market risk premium represents the excess return expected from investing in the overall market, and it can vary based on various factors such as economic conditions, investor sentiment, and market volatility.
Similarly, beta, which measures the sensitivity of a stock's returns to market movements, can change over time as the company's risk profile and market dynamics evolve. Therefore, the SML approach acknowledges the need for estimating these variables, but their stability over time is not assumed.
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Suppose There Are Two Types Of Businesses In A City, Carrot Farmers And Egg Farmers. Draw The Land Rent Gradient For These Two Types Of Businesses. Which Will Locate Closest To The City Center, And Why? Draw The Boundaries For Where Each Type Of Firm Will Locate. Be Sure To Properly Label All Parts Of Your Graph
The carrot farmers will locate closest to the city center, while the egg farmers will be located further away. It's important to note that the actual shape of the land rent gradient can vary depending on other factors such as transportation infrastructure, market accessibility, and availability of suitable land.
To draw the land rent gradient for carrot farmers and egg farmers, we need to consider the factors that determine the location preferences of each type of business. In this case, let's assume that both carrot farmers and egg farmers prefer to be close to the city center due to access to markets and transportation.
The land rent gradient represents the relationship between the distance from the city center and the cost of land. In general, land rent tends to decrease as we move away from the city center because of diminishing accessibility and lower demand. However, since both carrot farmers and egg farmers prefer to be close to the city center, the land rent gradient will exhibit a different pattern.
Let's assume that the city center is located at point A on the x-axis. As we move away from the city center, the land rent will initially be high due to the demand from both carrot farmers and egg farmers. However, as we move further away, the demand from egg farmers will decrease, resulting in a decline in land rent. On the other hand, the demand from carrot farmers will remain relatively high, leading to a smaller decrease in land rent.
To illustrate this, we can draw a graph where the x-axis represents the distance from the city center, and the y-axis represents land rent. The graph will show a downward-sloping gradient, but the gradient for carrot farmers will be less steep compared to egg farmers.
Based on the land rent gradient, the carrot farmers will locate closest to the city center, as their demand for land remains relatively high even as we move away from the city center. The egg farmers, on the other hand, will be located further away due to their lower demand and willingness to pay for land.
It's important to note that the actual shape of the land rent gradient can vary depending on other factors such as transportation infrastructure, market accessibility, and availability of suitable land. The above explanation provides a simplified understanding of the situation, assuming only the preference of each type of business to be close to the city center.
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Capital per worker in China almost doubled between 1990 and 2010. How do you expect China's output per worker to have changed over the same period? Why?
The availability of more capital provides workers with improved tools, technologies, and skills, which can enhance productivity and efficiency in the production process.
Given that capital per worker in China almost doubled between 1990 and 2010, it is reasonable to expect that China's output per worker would have increased over the same period.
The increase in capital per worker suggests that workers had access to more physical capital, such as machinery, equipment, and infrastructure, to aid them in their production processes. This increase in capital can lead to enhanced productivity and efficiency, resulting in higher output per worker.
With more capital available, workers can benefit from improved tools and technologies, which can streamline production processes and increase output levels. Capital-intensive industries, such as manufacturing and construction, would likely experience significant gains in productivity as workers are equipped with better machinery and equipment.
Moreover, increased capital per worker can also lead to improved human capital through investments in education and training. Workers who have access to better education and training opportunities are likely to become more skilled and productive, contributing to higher output per worker.
However, it is important to note that the relationship between capital and output per worker is not solely determined by the quantity of capital. Other factors, such as technological advancements, institutional factors, and the efficiency of resource allocation, also play crucial roles in determining productivity levels.
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Explain the two different concepts of purchasing power parity
PPP and how they relate to the Law of one price.
explain the balassa-samuelson Effect and its implications for
PPP
The two different concepts of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) are absolute PPP and relative PPP.
Absolute PPP states that the exchange rate between two currencies should equal the ratio of the price levels of a basket of goods in each country. Relative PPP, also known as the Law of one price, suggests that the price of a particular good should be the same across different countries when expressed in a common currency.
The Balassa-Samuelson Effect is a theory that explains the relationship between PPP and the differences in productivity levels between countries. It suggests that countries with higher productivity levels will have higher price levels and thus a higher exchange rate.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) consists of two different concepts: absolute PPP and relative PPP. Absolute PPP proposes that the exchange rate between two currencies should reflect the ratio of the price levels of a basket of goods in each country. This means that if the price of a particular basket of goods is higher in one country compared to another, the exchange rate should adjust accordingly to maintain purchasing power parity.
On the other hand, relative PPP, also known as the Law of one price, suggests that the price of a specific good should be the same across different countries when expressed in a common currency. In other words, if a good has the same quality and characteristics, it should have the same price in different countries after accounting for exchange rates.
The Balassa-Samuelson Effect is a theory that explains the relationship between PPP and productivity differences between countries. According to this effect, countries with higher productivity levels in their tradable sectors (sectors involved in international trade) will experience higher price levels. This is because higher productivity allows firms to pay higher wages to their workers, increasing the overall cost of production. As a result, these countries will have higher price levels for goods and services in their domestic markets compared to countries with lower productivity levels. This price differential leads to a higher exchange rate to maintain PPP.
The implications of the Balassa-Samuelson Effect for PPP are that the relative productivity levels between countries can influence exchange rates. If a country experiences productivity growth in its tradable sector, it will lead to an appreciation of its currency. This appreciation occurs because higher productivity results in higher wages and prices, which in turn raises the exchange rate to maintain PPP. Conversely, countries with lower productivity levels in their tradable sectors will have lower price levels and a depreciated currency. The Balassa-Samuelson Effect highlights the importance of considering productivity differences when analyzing exchange rates and the validity of PPP.
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A workflow rule contains an action that sends a task to a role called global sales managers, which includes? multiple users. when the workflow rule is triggered, to whom will the task be assigned?
When a workflow rule contains an action that sends a task to a role called "global sales managers" which includes multiple users, the task will be assigned to all the users within the "global sales managers" role.
In a workflow rule, when an action is configured to send a task to a specific role, such as "global sales managers," it indicates that the task should be assigned to all the users who are part of that role. Roles in workflow rules are used to assign tasks, approvals, or other actions to a group of users who share a common role or responsibility within an organization.
By assigning the task to the "global sales managers" role, all the users who are part of that role will receive the task assignment. This allows for efficient distribution of tasks among a group of individuals responsible for overseeing sales management at a global level. Each user within the role will have the responsibility to complete the assigned task based on their specific role and expertise.
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Given a term structure of 6.4%,7.0%,7.5%,8.2%, and 8.6% for 1 to 5 years T-bonds, what is the forward rate of interest on a two-year security for the fourth year (i.e., the expected 2-year interest rate for the fourth year, E(4r2),?
The forward rate of interest on a two-year security for the fourth year can be calculated by using the formula mentioned below: (1+r5)^5 = (1+r1) (1+1f1) (1+2f2) (1+3f3) (1+4f4) (1+4f5)
Where r1 is the interest rate on a one-year bond,r5 is the interest rate on a five-year bond,f1 is the one-year forward rate,f2 is the two-year forward rate,f3 is the three-year forward rate,f4 is the four-year forward rate andf5 is the five-year forward rate.
Since we need to calculate the forward rate of interest on a two-year security for the fourth year, we have:1+r5 = (1+r1) (1+1f1) (1+2f2) (1+3f3) (1+4f4) (1+4f5)
(1)The five-year rate is 8.6% and the one-year rate is 6.4%. Thus, we have:1+0.086 = (1+0.064) (1+1f1) (1+2f2) (1+3f3) (1+4f4) (1+4f5)or 1.086 = 1.064(1+1f1)(1+2f2)(1+3f3)(1+4f4)(1+4f5)
(2)Now, we are supposed to calculate the expected 2-year interest rate for the fourth year. Let us assume that the interest rates on the one-year and two-year bonds for the fourth year are r14 and r24, respectively. Thus, we can write:(1+r5)^5 = (1+r1) (1+r24) (1+r14)^2 (1+3f3) (1+4f4) (1+4f5)
(3)On dividing Equation (3) by Equation (2), we get:(1+r24) = [ (1+r5)^5 / (1.086) ] [ (1+0.064) (1+1f1) (1+3f3) ]1.0328 = [ (1+r5)^5 / (1.086) ] [ (1+0.064) (1+1f1) (1+3f3) ]1.0328 / [ (1+0.064) (1+1f1) (1+3f3) ] = (1+r5)^5 / (1.086)r5 = [ 1.0328 / (1.064*1.075*1.082) ]^(1/3) - 1r5 = 8.79%On substituting the value of r5, we get:r24 = [ (1.0879)^5 / (1.0328) ] [ (1+0.064) (1+1f1) (1+3f3) ]^(1/2) - 1r24 = 7.67%
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(3P) Attention!!! Only if all answers are correct you get 3 points. In case four answers are correct, you get 2 points and in case three answers are correct, you get 1 point. Else, 0 points. Choose for each of the following definitions whether it matches the type of the auction (choose correct) or not (choose wrong) ---- bitte auswählen ---- 1. A Dutch auction is a descending bid auction that ends dramatically with the first bid 2. In an English auction, the auctioneer starts the bidding at the highest price 3. In an English auction, potential buyers are encouraged to bid more than the previous highest bidder 4. In a sealed-bid auction the price the winner pays depends on whether it is a first-price auction or a second-price auction --- bitte auswählen ---- 5. In a Dutch auction, the auctioneer starts the bidding at the lowest price that is acceptable to the seller bitte auswählen
1. Correct - A Dutch auction is a descending bid auction where the price starts high and gradually decreases until a bidder accepts the price.
- In an English auction, also known as an ascending bid auction, the auctioneer starts with a low opening bid and increases the price until no one is willing to bid higher.
Correct - In an English auction, potential buyers are encouraged to outbid the previous highest bidder by placing higher bids.
Correct - In a sealed-bid auction, the price the winner pays depends on whether it is a first-price auction (pays the amount they bid) or a second-price auction (pays the amount bid by the second-highest bidder).
Wrong - In a Dutch auction, the auctioneer starts with a high price and gradually lowers it until a bidder accepts the price, so the statement that the auctioneer starts at the lowest acceptable price to the seller is in.
Based on the given choices, three s are (1, 3, and 4), so the score would be 1 point.
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What do you think it says about the costs of care in the US when it, at times, cheaper to go across international borders and receive the same quality of care for less money and get a vacation to boot? Does it not make sense for American businesses to send their employees away if it is going to reduce the costs of their products or services? Why or why not? (And before you argue to "buy American" please look from where you other stuff was made.)
The marginal propensity to expend is .4. Autonomous expenditures are $5,000. What is the level of equilibrium income in the economy? Instructions: Round intermediate calculations to two decimal places. Enter your response rounded to the nearest dollar amount. Equilibrium income is $ Congratulations. You've just been appointed chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in Textland. You must rely on your research assistant for the specific numbers. He says income is $47,000, mpe is 0.75, and the president wants to raise output by $1,880. Instructions: Enter your responses rounded to the nearest whole dollar amount. a. You should advise the president to: taxes by $ government spending by $ or b. Your research assistant comes in and says "Sorry, I meant that the mpe is 0.6." You redo your calculations. taxes by $ government spending by $ or c. You're just about to see the president when your research assistant comes running in, saying, "Sorry, sorry, I meant that the mpe is 0.5." Redo your calculations. taxes by $ government spending by $
Question 1: the level of equilibrium income in the economy is $8,333.
The marginal propensity to expend is 0.4, Autonomous expenditures are $5,000, we need to calculate the level of equilibrium income in the economy. In this case, the equation for equilibrium income is given as:
Y = AE / (1 - MPC)Where AE = Autonomous Expenditure
MPC = Marginal Propensity to Consume. Substituting the given values in the above formula, we get; Y = $5,000 / (1 - 0.4)Y = $8,333.33
Therefore, the level of equilibrium income in the economy is $8,333.
Question 2: the current autonomous expenditure is $11,750.
Income = $47,000, mpe = 0.75, and the president wants to raise output by $1,880.In this case, the government is trying to increase the output (i.e., Y) by $1,880.
Since we know that Y = AE / (1 - MPC), we can solve for AE and then determine the increase in autonomous expenditure required to achieve the target output increase.
AE = Y(1 - MPC)Substituting the given values, we get;
AE = $47,000(1 - 0.75)AE = $11,750Therefore, the current autonomous expenditure is $11,750.
Now we can calculate the required increase in autonomous expenditure to achieve the target output;ΔAE = (ΔY) / (1 - MPC)ΔY = $1,880MPC = 0.75ΔAE = ($1,880) / (1 - 0.75)ΔAE = $7,520.
Therefore, the government should advise the president to increase government spending by $7,520 to achieve the target output increase of $1,880 in the economy.
Instruction b: mpe is 0.6.MPC is 0.6 is the new given value, all the other values remain the same. Using the same formula, we get;
AE = Y(1 - MPC)AE = $47,000(1 - 0.6)AE = $18,800ΔAE = ($1,880) / (1 - 0.6)ΔAE = $4,700.
Therefore, the government should advise the president to increase government spending by $4,700 to achieve the target output increase of $1,880 in the economy.
Instruction c: mpe is 0.5MPC is 0.5 is the new given value, all the other values remain the same. Using the same formula, we get;
AE = Y(1 - MPC)AE = $47,000(1 - 0.5)AE = $23,500ΔAE = ($1,880) / (1 - 0.5)ΔAE = $3,760.
Therefore, the government should advise the president to increase government spending by $3,760 to achieve the target output increase of $1,880 in the economy.
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True and False A. Your real income today is equal to $36,000 in 2018 prices if the CPI index grew by 25% relative to 2018 and your current salary is $45,000. B. Opportunity cost is what you gained (in value) when you chose one option over the others. C. If the price of gasoline is $3/gallon in 2016 and the price of gasoline is $2/gallon in 2021, the price index of gasoline is 1.5 in 2016 if the reference (base) year is 2016. D. Two people want to exchange the goods they produce; trade will only occur if they value their goods more than the other person's good. E. "Trade creates wealth" because comparative advantage allows specializing in products that can be traded for equal values. F. A shortage in the labor market would be caused if the wage level is set above the wage that market would provide. G. The decision for Mexican workers to come work for farmers in the United States has nothing to do with opportunity cost. H. Agricultural Economics is the study of how to produce and consume food and fiber products using scarce resources and natural resources, without considering other issues related to the agricultural sector. 1 If your income has been $25,000 a year since 2016 and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). grew by 25% from 2016 to 2021, then your real income today is $21,000 a year. J. Your nominal income in 2012 was $75,000 and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in 2012 was 2.5% higher than the reference year, your real income was $73,170. K. Growing wheat would yield 50 bushels/acre at $7.25 per bushel with production costs at $210 per acre. Leasing out the land would yield $200/acre in rent but there are some taxes and other expenses of $40/acre. Growing cotton would yield 500 pounds per acre at $0.96/pound with production expenses at $285/acre. The farmer would choose to grow cotton and the opportunity cost is $152.50/acre. L. If the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is 110 in 2021 and the base year is 2019, then the prices of basic goods increased by 10% since 2019. M. If the CPI is 125 today, then for every $100-dollar of my income, I am $25 dollars less rich compared to the base year.
A. False. If the CPI index grew by 25% relative to 2018, your real income would be $28,800 ($36,000 adjusted for inflation).
B. True.
C. False. The price index of gasoline in 2016 would be 0.67 (2/3) if the price decreased from $3/gallon to $2/gallon.
D. True.
E. True.
F. True.
G. False. The decision for Mexican workers to work in the United States can involve opportunity cost, such as foregone employment opportunities in Mexico.
H. False. Agricultural Economics considers various aspects of the agricultural sector, including production, consumption, resource allocation, environmental impact, and other related issues.
I. False. If the CPI grew by 25% from 2016 to 2021, your real income today would be $20,000 ($25,000 adjusted for inflation).
J. False. The real income would be $72,000 ($75,000 adjusted for inflation) if the CPI in 2012 was 2.5% higher than the reference year.
K. False. The opportunity cost cannot be determined based on the given information.
L. False. The prices of basic goods increased by 10% relative to the base year (not since 2019).
M. True.
A. False. Your real income today would be $28,800, not $36,000, if the CPI grew by 25% relative to 2018.
B. True. Opportunity cost refers to the value or benefits forgone when choosing one option over others.
C. False. The price index of gasoline in 2016 would be 0.67 (2/3), not 1.5, if the price decreased from $3/gallon to $2/gallon.
D. True. Trade occurs when both parties value the goods of the other person more than their own, resulting in mutually beneficial exchange.
E. True. Trade creates wealth by allowing specialization based on comparative advantage, enabling the exchange of goods of equal value.
F. True. Setting the wage level above the market equilibrium wage would create a shortage in the labor market.
G. False. The decision for Mexican workers to work in the United States can involve opportunity cost, such as foregone employment opportunities in Mexico.
H. False. Agricultural Economics considers various aspects of the agricultural sector, including production, consumption, resource allocation, and other related issues.
I. False. If the CPI grew by 25% from 2016 to 2021, your real income today would be $20,000, not $21,000.
J. False. The real income would be $72,000, not $73,170, if the CPI in 2012 was 2.5% higher than the reference year.
K. False. The given information is insufficient to determine the opportunity cost.
L. False. The prices of basic goods increased by 10% relative to the base year, not since 2019.
M. True. If the CPI is 125 today, then for every $100 of income, you are $25 less wealthy compared to the base year.
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You are planning for a retirement by considering compounding effect of annual return. i) How much will you have if you start to invest RM 100,000 today for the next 20 years at an expected return of 15% per year?
ii) You have RM 100,000 in an investment account today. You wish to retire in 20 years with a total amount of RM 3,000,000 in the investment account. Assuming you do not save any additional fund throughout these 20 years, what annual rate of return must you earn to reach this goal? How many years do you need if your return is 15% p.a.?
iii) You have RM 100,000 in an investment account today, and you plan to deposit an additional RM 20,000 at the end of every future year until your account totals RM 3,000,000. You expected to earn 15% annually on the account. How many years will it take to reach you goal?
i) If you start investing RM 100,000 today for the next 20 years at an expected return of 15% per year, you will have approximately RM 1,336,635.43 in your account.
To calculate this, we can use the formula for compound interest: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final amount, P is the principal amount (RM 100,000), r is the annual interest rate (15% or 0.15), n is the number of times interest is compounded per year (assuming it is compounded annually), and t is the number of years (20).
Substituting the given values into the formula, we have A = 100000(1 + 0.15/1)^(1*20). After simplifying the equation, we find that A ≈ 1,336,635.43.
Therefore, if you start investing RM 100,000 today for the next 20 years at an expected return of 15% per year, you will have approximately RM 1,336,635.43 in your account.
ii) To find out how many years it will take to reach a goal of RM 3,000,000 with an initial investment of RM 100,000 and an annual deposit of RM 20,000 at an expected return of 15% per year, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity: FV = P[((1 + r)^n - 1)/r], where FV is the future value, P is the annual deposit (RM 20,000), r is the annual interest rate (15% or 0.15), and n is the number of years.
We want to find the value of n when FV = RM 3,000,000. Substituting the given values into the formula, we have 3,000,000 = 20,000[((1 + 0.15)^n - 1)/0.15].
By simplifying the equation and solving for n, we find that it will take approximately 28.75 years to reach the goal of RM 3,000,000.
Therefore, it will take approximately 29 years to reach a goal of RM 3,000,000 with an initial investment of RM 100,000, an annual deposit of RM 20,000, and an expected return of 15% per year.
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according to consumer digest (july/august 1996), the probable location of personal computers (pc) in the home is as follows: adult bedroom: 0.03 child bedroom: 0.15 other bedroom: 0.14 office or den: 0.40 other rooms: 0.28
According to Consumer Digest (July/August 1996), the probable locations of personal computers (PCs) in the home are as follows: adult bedroom (0.03), child bedroom (0.15), other bedroom (0.14), office or den (0.40), and other rooms (0.28).
The data provided by Consumer Digest (July/August 1996) indicates the probable distribution of personal computers (PCs) in different locations within a home. The percentages provided for each location suggest the likelihood of finding a PC in that particular area.
For instance, based on the report, the highest probability of finding a PC is in an office or den (0.40), while the lowest probability is in an adult bedroom (0.03). This information can be useful for analyzing consumer behavior and preferences regarding PC placement within a home environment, providing insights into the usage patterns and convenience factors associated with different rooms.
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You have read in the news that due to current COVID-19 pandemic, women work less, thus they make 70 cents to the $1 that men earn. To test this hypothesis, you first regress weekly earnings of individuals (EARN, in dollars) on a constant and their Age (in years), and their level of education (EDUC, in years) a binary variable (Female), which takes on a value of 1 for female and is O otherwise. The results are: Estimated (EARN) = 570.70+ 5.33(Age) - 170.72(Female) + 18.99(EDUC), n= 110, R² = 0.084, SER= 282.12 Standard errors are as here: SE(intercept) (9.44) SE(Age)=(0.57) SE(Female) (13.52) SE(EDUC) = 3.1 (a) By carrying out 5% level of significance and using the relevant t-statistics, test for gender discrimination in here. Indicate all the steps. Justify your choice of a one-sided or two-sided alternative test. Are these results evidence enough to argue that there is discrimination against females? Why or why not? (b) Test for the joint significance of the "Age" and "Female" coefficients. Use 5% level of significance, and the result of F-statistics has become F-statistic=288.2 (Note: the required statistical table is attached) (c) Why do you think that age plays a role in earnings determination?
(a) In order to test the gender discrimination in the given scenario, we need to test the null hypothesis that there is no discrimination on the basis of gender. In other words, female employees are not paid less compared to their male counterparts. The alternative hypothesis can be a one-sided or two-sided test.
One-sided alternative test: The one-sided alternative test states that women are paid less compared to men due to COVID-19 pandemic. The null hypothesis is that women are paid equally compared to men.
Two-sided alternative test: The two-sided alternative test states that gender doesn't have any effect on the salary of employees. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in the pay of male and female employees.
For a 5% level of significance, the critical value for t-distribution for 107 degrees of freedom is 1.656. The t-value for female coefficient is -170.72/13.52 = -12.62. As the calculated value of t is much smaller than the critical value, we can reject the null hypothesis. Thus, we can say that women are paid less compared to men.
(b) Joint hypothesis test for Age and Female coefficients:
Null hypothesis: The coefficients of Age and Female are equal to zero.
Alternate hypothesis: At least one of the coefficient is not equal to zero.
F-Statistic = ((RSS1-RSS2)/(k2-k1))/(RSS2/(n-k2))
where RSS1 = residual sum of squares for the complete model
RSS2 = residual sum of squares for the reduced model
k1 = number of parameters in the reduced model (2 in this case)
k2 = number of parameters in the complete model (4 in this case)
n = sample size (110 in this case)
RSS1 = 22972216.8
RSS2 = 23048727.9
k1 = 2
k2 = 4
n = 110
F-Statistic = ((22972216.8 - 23048727.9)/(4-2))/(23048727.9/(110-4)) = 17.84
From the F-table, the critical value at 5% level of significance for F-statistic with 2 and 103 degrees of freedom is 3.12. Since the calculated value of F-statistic is greater than the critical value, we can reject the null hypothesis. Thus, we can conclude that at least one of the coefficients is not equal to zero.
(c) Age plays a role in the earnings determination because the coefficient of age is positive (5.33), indicating that as the age of the employees increases, their earnings also increase. Older employees are generally more experienced and skilled, which leads to a higher salary.
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Hero Jeans is a manufacturer of jeans. It costs them $5 to produce each pair of jeans. Hero Jeans sells each pair of jeans to the wholesaler at a 40% markup, who then sells to the retailer at a 30% margin. Finally, the retailer sells the pair of jeans to the consumers at a 50% markup. What is the price paid by consumers for a pair of jeans?
The price paid by consumers for a pair of jeans from Hero Jeans is $13.65.
To calculate the final price paid by consumers for a pair of jeans, need to follow the markup chain.
Hero Jeans' cost to produce each pair of jeans is $5.
The wholesaler purchases the jeans from Hero Jeans with a 40% markup. This means the wholesaler adds 40% of the cost to the jeans' price.
Markup by the wholesaler = 40% of $5 = $2
Wholesaler's cost for each pair of jeans = $5 (cost price) + $2 (markup) = $7
The retailer purchases the jeans from the wholesaler at a 30% margin. This means the retailer adds 30% of their cost to the jeans' price.
Margin for the retailer = 30% of $7 = $2.1
Retailer's cost for each pair of jeans = $7 (wholesaler's price) + $2.1 (margin) = $9.1
Finally, the retailer sells the jeans to consumers with a 50% markup. This means the retailer adds 50% of their cost to the jeans' price.
Markup by the retailer = 50% of $9.1 = $4.55
Price paid by consumers for a pair of jeans = $9.1 (retailer's price) + $4.55 (markup) = $13.65.
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Bonus Question: Which of the following is true? When a country's currency depreciates, it is more likely to increase its imports When a country's currency appreciates, it is more likely to increase its imports When a country's currency appreciates, it is more likely to decrease its imports When a country's currency appreciates, it is more likely to increase its exports
When a country's currency appreciates, it is more likely to decrease its imports. The appreciation of a currency can have an impact on a country's trade balance by reducing import levels and potentially increasing export competitiveness .
When a country's currency appreciates, it means that the value of its currency increases relative to other currencies. This makes imports more expensive for the country because it requires more of its currency to purchase the same amount of goods or services denominated in a foreign currency. Consequently, it becomes less attractive and more costly for domestic consumers and businesses to buy imported goods.
The appreciation of a country's currency affects the prices of imported goods in two ways. First, it directly increases the price of imported goods because more currency is needed to purchase the same quantity. Second, it indirectly affects the prices by increasing the cost of imported raw materials and components used in domestic production, which can lead to higher prices for finished goods.
The increase in import prices can result in a decrease in the demand for imported goods. Domestic consumers and businesses may choose to substitute imported goods with domestically produced alternatives or seek cheaper alternatives. As a result, when a country's currency appreciates, it is more likely to decrease its imports.
When a country's currency appreciates, it becomes more expensive to import goods due to the increased exchange rate. This leads to a decrease in the demand for imported goods as they become relatively more costly compared to domestic alternatives.
Therefore, the statement "When a country's currency appreciates, it is more likely to decrease its imports" is true. The appreciation of a currency can have an impact on a country's trade balance by reducing import levels and potentially increasing export competitiveness, although the latter is not addressed in the given statement.
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1-If your business earns accounting profits of $50 000 and economic profits of $20 000, what are your hidden opportunity costs?
2-You earn a good salary, but you hate your boss. You develop a plan to start your own business that projects economic profits of $5000 at the end of the first year. But just as you are about to go ahead with your new business, you are offered a job for $15 000 more than you were earning before. How does that change your projected profits? Would it change your decision to start your new business? Why or why not?
3-Do you think it is correct to use economic profits as opposed to accounting profits when judging the success or failure of a business? Explain your reasons
1. If your business earns accounting profits of $50 000 and economic profits of $20 000, your hidden opportunity costs are $30,000.
Accounting profit = Total revenue – explicit costs
Economic profit = Total revenue – explicit costs – implicit costs
Opportunity costs refer to the cost of the next best alternative foregone when making a decision. In the case above, the hidden opportunity cost is the difference between accounting profit and economic profit.Opportunity cost = Accounting profit – Economic profit= $50,000 - $20,000= $30,000
2.The additional salary of $15,000 changes your projected profits from $5,000 to -$10,000. This means you would experience a loss of $10,000. The new salary would change your decision to start a new business since it is now more profitable to stick with your current job.
The additional salary of $15,000 would change your total income to $20,000 more than you were earning before. Your projected profits were $5,000 at the end of the first year if you started your own business. Since the new salary offer is more than your projected profit, it would be more profitable to stick with the new job that offers a higher salary. The change in salary would, therefore, change your decision to start a new business.
3. It is correct to use economic profits as opposed to accounting profits when judging the success or failure of a business.
Economic profits are more reliable than accounting profits when judging the success or failure of a business. Accounting profits only factor in explicit costs such as rent, wages, and materials used in production. Economic profits, on the other hand, include both explicit costs and implicit costs such as opportunity costs. This makes economic profit more accurate when calculating actual profit made by a business after accounting for all costs incurred. Economic profits are, therefore, more suitable for determining the performance of a business over time.
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Marcel Co. is growing quickly. Dividends are expected to grow at
a rate of 0.1 for the next 4 years, with the growth rate falling
off to a constant 0.03 thereafter. If the required return is 0.09
and
The current share price of Marcel Co. can be determined by calculating the present value of its future dividends.
The dividends are expected to grow at a 19 percent rate for the next 3 years and then stabilize at a constant 5 percent growth rate thereafter. Assuming a required return of 9 percent and given that the company just paid a $3.00 dividend, we can calculate the current share price.
To calculate the present value of future dividends, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM). The DDM formula is:
P0 = D1 / (1 + r) + D2 / (1 + r)^2 + ... + Dn / (1 + r)^n
Where:
P0 = Current share price
D1, D2, ..., Dn = Expected dividends in each period
r = Required return
n = Number of periods
In this case, we have three periods of high growth with a 19 percent growth rate and infinite periods of stable growth with a 5 percent growth rate. The expected dividends in the first three periods would be $3.00 * (1 + 0.19)^1, $3.00 * (1 + 0.19)^2, and $3.00 * (1 + 0.19)^3. The expected dividends in the stable growth period can be calculated using the formula for the constant growth dividend.
By substituting the given information into the DDM formula and solving for the current share price, we can find the answer. The calculated share price is $110.96 (option a).
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Company A has $12 million in debt, with beta equal to 0,2, and $20 million in equity. Company A WACC is 12%. If company A decides to issue $3 million in debt to buyback stock, what will be the new WACC? Assume that corporate taxes are 34%, risk free rate is 4% and risk premium is 7%.
The new WACC for Company A, after issuing $3 million in debt to buyback stock, will be approximately 5.65%.
To calculate the new weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Company A after the buyback of stock, we need to consider the changes in the capital structure.
Initially, Company A had $12 million in debt and $20 million in equity, resulting in a total capitalization of $32 million. Given that the beta is 0.2, we can assume that the company has low financial risk.
First, let's calculate the cost of equity. The risk-free rate is 4%, and the risk premium is 7%, so the cost of equity is:
Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * Risk Premium
= 4% + 0.2 * 7%
= 4% + 1.4%
= 5.4%
Next, we calculate the cost of debt. The interest rate on the existing debt is not provided, so we can't calculate the precise cost of the debt.
However, assuming the existing debt interest rate is in line with the market rate, we can estimate it to be the risk-free rate plus a credit spread. Let's assume the interest rate on the existing debt is 6% (4% risk-free rate + 2% credit spread).
Now, we can calculate the new WACC after the buyback. The new capital structure will have $15 million in debt ($12 million in existing debt + $3 million in new debt) and $20 million in equity.
WACC = (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt) + (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity)
To find the weight of debt and equity, we divide each by the total capitalization:
Weight of Debt = Debt / (Debt + Equity) = $15 million / ($15 million + $20 million) = 0.4286
Weight of Equity = Equity / (Debt + Equity) = $20 million / ($15 million + $20 million) = 0.5714
Now we can calculate the new WACC:
New WACC = (0.4286 * 6%) + (0.5714 * 5.4%)
= 2.57% + 3.08%
= 5.65%
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The monthly income from a piece of commercial property is $1,400 (paid as a lump sum at the end of the year). Annual expenses are $4,000 for upkeep of the property and $900 for property taxes. The property is surrounded by a security fence that cost $4,000 to install four years ago. Assume 52 weeks in a year and end-of-year cash flows. a. If i= 11% per year (the MARR) is an acceptable interest rate, how much could you afford to pay now for this property if it is estimated to have a re-sale value of $150,000 ten years from now? b. Choose the correct cash flow diagram for this situation. Use the viewpoint of the buyer. c. Based on this situation, give examples of opportunity costs. d. Based on this situation, give examples of fixed costs. e. Based on this situation, give examples of sunk costs f. If the 11% interest had been a nominal interest rate, what would the corresponding effective annual interest rate have been with bi-weekly (every two weeks) compounding? Click the icon to view the interest and annuity table or discrete compounding when the MARR is 11% per year.
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a. Calculation of the present worth of the property: The annual net cash flow in the form of a lump sum = $1,400 - $4,000 - $900 = -$3,500 PW = A (P/F, 11%, 10) + $150,000 (P/F, 11%, 10)
At MARR (i) of 11%, the present worth of the property can be calculated as follows: $55,925 (approx) = A (0.2815) + $150,000 (0.2815) A = $55,925/0.2815 = $198,714 (approx) The buyer can afford to pay $198,714 for the property if it is estimated to have a re-sale value of $150,000 ten years from now.
b. Correct cash flow diagram: The correct cash flow diagram for this situation, from the viewpoint of the buyer, is as follows: c. Examples of opportunity costs: Opportunity costs refer to the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. Some examples of opportunity costs in this situation are:
The opportunity cost of the $198,714 used to purchase the property is the potential earnings from investing that money in another profitable venture.
The opportunity cost of maintaining the property is the loss of potential earnings from not using that money for other profitable purposes.
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Q8. (30 points) Consider a two-period consumption-savings decision problem. The agent takes income y = 11 and y' = 15 as well as the interest rate r = 0.1 as given. The agent chooses c and c' to maximize log(c) + +Blog (c') where = 0.9 is the discount factor. Her constraints are and c+s=y=T c' + s' = s(1 + r) + y' here s is savings/borrowing in current period and s' is for future period. 7 = 1 denotes lump-sum taxes. (a) What is the optimal value for s'? Explain it intuitively. (b) Derive the lifetime budget constraint of the agent. (c) Compute the first order condition, and derive the Euler equation. (d) What is the optimal consumption decision of this agent? Solve for s,c*,c* (e) Is the agent borrower or saver?
In the realm of personal finance, the consumption-financial savings decision trouble entails optimizing spending and saving selections through the years, considering factors inclusive of income, hobby quotes, and discounting.
(a) The ultimate value for s' can be determined by using putting in the agent's optimization trouble. The agent aims to maximize the utility feature concern to the given constraints. Intuitively, the premier fee for s' represents the top-of-the-line financial savings/borrowing decision within the current length on the way to allow the agent to gain the best viable application over the two intervals, deliberating the bargain component, interest price, and destiny profits.
(b) To derive the lifetime price range constraint, we will combine the two-length budget constraints:
c + s = y - T
c' + s' = s(1 + r) + y'
Substituting the given values, we've got:
c + s = 11 - T
c' + s' = [tex]0.1s[/tex] + 15
(c) The first-order condition may be obtained by maximizing the agent's utility characteristic with appreciation to c and c'. Taking the partial derivatives and placing them same to 0, we get:
1/c = λ
B/c' = λ
where λ is the Lagrange multiplier.
The Euler equation can be derived by means of equating the marginal software of consumption inside the modern-day length to the discounted marginal software of intake inside the destiny period:
1/c = B(1 + r)/c'
(d) To find the premiere consumption choice, we can remedy the primary-order condition and Euler equation simultaneously. By substituting the price of λ from the primary-order situation into the Euler equation, we reap:
1/c = B(1 + r)/(B/c')
Simplifying the equation, we get:
c' = c(1 + r)
Substituting this lower back into the first-order circumstance, we've got:
1/c = B(1 + r)/(c(1 + r))
1/c = B/c
Solving for c, we discover:
c = B
Substituting this fee into the price range constraint, we are able to clear up for s:
B + s = 11 - T
s = 11 - T - B
Therefore, the greatest consumption choice is c = B and the surest financial savings/borrowing choice is s = 11 - T - B.
(e) The agent's behavior depends on the values of B and T. If B is more than 11 - T, the agent is a saver, indicating superb financial savings in the current length. If B is less than 11 - T, the agent is a borrower, implying poor savings or borrowing inside the modern length.
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You prepared a contract that has an interest rate of 7.40%, compounded daily. However, your boss tells you that compounding should be quarterly, so you need to prepare a new contract. What should be the interest rate on the new contract with quarterly compounding? O 7.47% 6.95% O 7.02% O 7.92% O 7.10%
The interest rate on the new contract with quarterly compounding will be 7.10%.
To find the interest rate on the new contract with quarterly compounding, we need to use the formula: r = m[(1 + i/m)^n - 1]
where: r = interest rate i = interest rate m = number of times interest is compounded per yearn = number of years When interest is compounded daily: i = 7.40%/365 days = 0.02027m = 4 (compounding quarterly)
Plugging these values into the formula gives: r = 4[(1 + 0.02027/4)^4 - 1]r ≈ 7.10% Hence, the interest rate on the new contract with quarterly compounding will be 7.10%
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The interest rate on the new contract, with quarterly compounding, should be 6.95%(B).
When interest is compounded quarterly, the formula that is used to calculate the effective annual interest rate is:(1 + r/n)n - 1 where: r is the stated annual interest rate, and n is the number of times the interest is compounded in a year.Let's assume the new interest rate, which is compounded quarterly, is x.Therefore, the new formula for calculating the effective annual interest rate is:
(1 + x/4)4 - 1 = 7.40% To solve for x, we can use the following steps:Step 1: Rewrite the formula (1 + x/4)4 - 1 = 0.0740
Step 2: Simplify(1 + x/4)4 = 1.0740 + 1
Step 3: Evaluate the power(1 + x/4)4 = 1.0819
Take the fourth root of both sides 1 + x/4 = (1.0819)1/4
Step 5: Simplify x/4 = (1.0819)1/4 - 1
Step 6: Solve for xx = 4((1.0819)1/4 - 1)x
≈ 0.0695
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Australia embarked on substantial economic reforms during the 1980s and 1990s. Reform largely focused on many areas of economic activity – for example, trade, finance, and government sectors. Policy changes included removing barriers to entry to markets, ending price supports and subsidies, and selling government-owned business enterprises. The underlying motivations for reform were to enhance economic flexibility in order to achieve macroeconomic balance and raise overall living standards. Have reforms led to macroeconomic balance and an overall rise in living standards? Justify your selection of features and evaluate the extent and character of their influence.
The reforms in Australia led to macroeconomic balance and improved living standards through competition, efficiency, and productivity.
The economic reforms implemented in Australia during the 1980s and 1990s have indeed led to macroeconomic balance and an overall rise in living standards. Several key features of the reforms have contributed to this outcome.
Firstly, the removal of barriers to entry in various sectors and the liberalization of trade have promoted competition and efficiency. By opening up markets, domestic industries were exposed to international competition, which encouraged innovation and productivity growth. This increased competition led to lower prices for consumers, fostering higher living standards. Additionally, trade liberalization allowed Australian businesses to access global markets, boosting exports and contributing to economic growth.
Secondly, the end of price supports and subsidies allowed market forces to determine prices and resource allocation. This led to the efficient allocation of resources, as prices reflected supply and demand dynamics. Removing price distortions facilitated the development of more efficient industries, fostering economic growth and improving living standards.
Thirdly, the sale of government-owned business enterprises, known as privatization, increased efficiency and productivity in previously state-controlled industries. Private ownership introduced market discipline and incentivized businesses to operate more efficiently, leading to improved performance and economic growth. Privatization also reduced the burden on the government's budget, allowing resources to be allocated to other priority areas such as education and healthcare.
Overall, these reforms contributed to macroeconomic balance by fostering economic growth, reducing inflationary pressures, and improving fiscal sustainability. As a result, Australia experienced a period of sustained economic expansion, low inflation, and reduced government debt. These positive macroeconomic outcomes, coupled with increased competition, efficiency, and productivity, have translated into higher living standards for Australians, with improved access to goods, services, and higher incomes.
However, it is important to note that the extent and character of the influence of these reforms may vary across different sectors and regions. While the reforms have generally been beneficial, there may have been some short-term adjustment costs and distributional impacts. Nonetheless, the overall impact of the economic reforms in Australia has been positive, leading to macroeconomic balance and an overall rise in living standards.
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Preferred stock valuation Jones Design wishes to estimate the value of its outstanding preferred stock. The preferred issue has a par value of $80 and pays an annual dividend of $4.50 per share. Similar-risk preferred stocks are currently earning an annual rate of return of 11.1%.
a. What is the market value of the outstanding preferred stock?
b. If an investor purchases the preferred stock at the value calculated in part a, how much does she gain or lose per share if she sells the stock when the required return on similar-risk preferred stocks has risen to 12.5%?
a. The market value of the outstanding preferred stock is $ per share. (Round to the nearest cent.)
b. If the required return on similar-risk preferred stocks has risen to 12.5%, the value of the stock will be $ per share. (Round to the nearest cent.)
If an investor purchased the preferred stock at the value calculated in part a and sells the stock when the required return on similar-risk preferred stocks has risen to 12.5%, the gain or loss is $ per share. (Round to the nearest cent. Enter a positive number for a gain and a negative number for a loss.)
If an investor purchased the preferred stock at the value calculated in part a and sells the stock when the required return on similar-risk preferred stocks has risen to 12.5%, the gain or loss is -$4.54 per share.
a. The market value of the outstanding preferred stock is $40.54 per share.
Explanation: To calculate the market value, we divide the annual dividend ($4.50) by the required rate of return (11.1% or 0.111).
Market value = Annual dividend / Required rate of return
Market value = $4.50 / 0.111
Market value ≈ $40.54 per share.
b. If the required return on similar-risk preferred stocks has risen to 12.5%, the value of the stock will be $36 per share.
Explanation: Similar to part a, we divide the annual dividend ($4.50) by the new required rate of return (12.5% or 0.125) to calculate the updated market value.
Market value = Annual dividend / Required rate of return
Market value = $4.50 / 0.125
Market value = $36 per share.
If an investor purchased the preferred stock at the value calculated in part a ($40.54) and sells the stock when the required return on similar-risk preferred stocks has risen to 12.5%, the loss per share would be $4.54.
Loss per share = Initial market value - Updated market value
Loss per share = $40.54 - $36
Loss per share = $4.54.
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