The gathering is shaped from reptiles, snakes, and turtles, and their normal precursor on this tree would be Autapomorphic. The correct answer is (A).
According to The Washington Post, a fossil known as Megachirella Wachter has claimed the title of oldest-known species of the reptilian order Squamata, making it an ancestor of all of the world's lizards and snakes. It was discovered in the early 2000s after 240 million years of being embedded in the mountains of northern Italy.
There is no such thing as a "clade" for reptiles. This is due to the fact that the term "reptiles" does not include another group that is also descended from this common ancestor, despite the fact that all reptiles shared a common ancestor some 280 million years ago: birds.
Humans, apes, and new-world monkeys are examples of monophyletic groups because they share the most common recent ancestral group, the old-world monkeys.
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Q- the group formed from lizards, snakes, and turtles and their common ancestor on this tree would be what kind of group?
A. Autapomorphic
B. Idiosyncratic
C. Monophyletic
D. Polyphyletic
in the body, why do muscle cells and skin cells look and behave differently? responses their genes are being expressed differently. their genes are being expressed differently. they have different genes. they have different genes. there is no similarity in their chromosomes. there is no similarity in their chromosomes. the same genes are being expressed in both types of cells.
Muscle cells and skin cells look and behave differently in the body because they have different genes. Muscle cells and skin cells are distinct cell types with unique sets of genes that determine their functions and characteristics.
However, both these cell types are derived from stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into different cell types.
During differentiation, the activation or suppression of specific genes results in the development of specialized cells. Muscle cells have genes responsible for the formation and function of muscle fibers, while skin cells have genes involved in the formation of the skin barrier and maintenance of skin health.
These genes are expressed differently in muscle cells and skin cells, leading to their distinct characteristics and behaviors.
Therefore, the correct answer is the reason for their differences is the differential expression of their genes.
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which amino acids have side chains that fit into the specificity pocket of elastase?lysineargininetyrosinealanineaspartateglycine
The amino acids that have the side chains able to fit in the specificity pocket of elastase are: alanine and glycine.
Amino acids are the organic molecules that play essential roles inside the living body. The amino acids act as the monomers of protein and hence are involved in protein synthesis.
Elastase is an enzyme involved in the process of digestion. It breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The specificity pocket of elastase is the site which binds with specific amino acids to mediate the chemical reaction. This specificity pocket consists of large bulky amino acids. Therefore, the amino acids that can fit into it must have small and light side chains.
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consider a cross to investigate the pea pod texture trait, involving constricted or inflated pods. mendel found that the traits behave according to dominant/recessive pattern in which inflated pods were dominant. if you pwerformed this cross and obtained 650 inflated-pod plants in the f2 generation, approximately how many constricted-pod plants would you expect to have?
If you obtained 650 inflated-pod plants in the F2 generation, you would expect to have approximately 217 constricted-pod plants.
What is a pea pod texture trait?Pea pod texture trait is the heritable characteristic of pea plants, it involves the texture of pea pods. The texture of pea pods can be constricted or inflated, which is a binary trait. The texture of pea pods is controlled by a single gene that has two variants. One of the variants encodes for the inflated pod and is dominant, whereas the other variant encodes for constricted pod and is recessive. Gregor Mendel, a botanist and geneticist, studied this trait and identified the pattern of inheritance associated with it.
How to calculate the number of constricted-pod plants?Based on Mendel's pea pod texture trait experiment, we can use the 3:1 dominant to recessive ratio for the F2 generation. Since you have 650 inflated-pod plants (dominant), to find the expected number of constricted-pod plants (recessive), you can use the following calculation:
650 inflated-pod plants / 3 (dominant ratio) = 216.67 constricted-pod plants / 1 (recessive ratio)
Approximately 217 constricted-pod plants would be expected in the F2 generation.
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I need this asap
A human starts as ______ cell(s) and by the time they are an adult, they have ______ cell(s).
A. 1, 50 trillion
B. 50 trillion, 50 trillion
C. 2, 10 million
D. 10,000, 50 trillion
A human has one cell at birth (the zygote) and around 50 trillion cells by the time they reach adulthood.
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, a zygote, a single cell, is created. Here is where humans begin. The zygote then proceeds through a series of cell division, differentiation, and specialization processes in order to finally give rise to all the tissues, organs, and systems that make up the human body. A person has around 50 trillion cells by the time they reach maturity. These cells are extremely specialized and work in unison to sustain life. It is crucial to highlight that while an individual's total number of cells does not dramatically vary beyond maturity, individual cells are constantly replacing and changing over, with varied rates of turnover for various tissues and cell types.
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which contaminant mineral blocks the metabolic sites of minerals so that they are unable to perform their roles?
The mineral that can block the metabolic sites of other minerals and prevent them from performing their roles is called cadmium.
Cadmium is a heavy metal that is commonly found in soil and can contaminate crops grown in contaminated areas. When humans consume cadmium-contaminated food or water, the cadmium can accumulate in the body and interfere with the absorption and metabolism of other minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc, and copper.
Cadmium can bind to metal-binding proteins, such as metallothioneins, and prevent the uptake and transport of other essential minerals, leading to their deficiency and impaired metabolic function. This can lead to a variety of health problems, including bone loss, anemia, and immune dysfunction. Therefore, it is important to minimize exposure to cadmium and other heavy metals to maintain optimal mineral balance and health.
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which character would be a symplesiomorphy of the clade reptilia in the tree above? determinate growth hole in the skull in front of the eye socket fused bones form carapace amniotic egg s-shaped neck
The character that would be a symplesiomorphy of the clade Reptilia in the tree above is the amniotic egg. Option C is correct.
An amniotic egg is an egg that is surrounded by a membrane, the amnion, that provides protection and allows gas exchange, and contains an embryo that is nourished by the yolk. The amniotic egg is a key adaptation of the reptiles, which allowed them to reproduce on land and freed them from the need to return to the water to lay their eggs.
The other characters listed are either synapomorphies or homoplasies that evolved in different lineages of the reptiles or are shared with other groups of organisms. For example, the determinate growth is a synapomorphy of turtles, the hole in the skull in front of the eye socket is a homoplasy that evolved independently in multiple lineages, the fused bones form carapace is a synapomorphy of turtles, and the S-shaped neck is a synapomorphy of the clade Sauropsida, which includes reptiles and birds.
Hence, C is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"Which character would be a symplesiomorphy of the clade reptilia in the tree above? A) determinate growth hole in the skull in front of the eye socket B) fused bones form carapace C) amniotic egg D) s-shaped neck."--
buried within the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the diencephalon lie clusters of neuron cell bodies collectively called the
The clusters of neuron cell bodies buried within the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the diencephalon are collectively called the basal ganglia.
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei that are located deep within the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. They are involved in a variety of functions, including motor control, cognition, emotion, and reward. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the brainstem and cortex through a complex network of connections.
The main structures that make up the basal ganglia include the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. Dysfunction in the basal ganglia has been linked to a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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After a volcanic eruption, the average temperature in a region dropped from 30° to 18°C. By how many degrees Celsius did the temperature drop?
describe how the work of florence nightingale, john snow, ignaz semmelweis, and joseph lister contributed to the development of the field of epidemiologist.
The work of the three contributed to the development of the field of epidemiology by laying the foundation for modern epidemiology.
By creating the framework for contemporary epidemiology, their work aided in the advancement of epidemiology. They contributed to the discovery of infectious illness causes and the creation of techniques for halting their spread. Also, their efforts improved cleanliness and public health.
Epidemiology's founders include Florence Nightingale, John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweis, and Joseph Lister. A British nurse named Florence Nightingale meticulously recorded the illnesses and fatalities that occurred during the Crimean War. British physician John Snow is regarded as the father of epidemiology.
Handwashing can help avoid puerperal fever, as was discovered by Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis. British surgeon Joseph Lister popularized antiseptic surgery.
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Are the extinct hominids more closely related to modern humans
or modern apes? Explain using specific facial features.
Yet, fossil and comparative data shows that it was considerably more like living apes than it was like modern humans.
Which prehistoric species is related to current humans the most closely?Our nearest extinct human ancestors were the Neanderthals and the Denisovans, a group of people from Asia. According to scientific evidence, our two species descended from a single common ancestor. According to recent study, all fossil and genomic evidence suggests that the split between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages occurred no more than 500,000 years ago.
Are apes and hominids closely related?All extant humans, chimps, gorillas, orangutans, or their extinct relatives are members of the Hominidae family of creatures. Scientists generally agree that among the living animals in this group, people were most closely related from chimpanzees based on morphological and Genomic comparisons.
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Imagine that the allele for white flowers is dominant over the allele for pink
flowers. You plan to repeat Mendel's experiments. You cross white flowering
plants that are not pure-breeding with each other to produce 400 offspring.
Which of the following will be the most likely result?
O A. All 400 offspring will have white flowers.
B. All 400 offspring will have pink flowers.
C. 96 offspring will have pink flowers, and 304 will have white
flowers.
D. 195 offspring will have pink flowers, and 205 will have white
flowers.
nvestigate Weathering and Erosion 1. Describe at least one part of the experimental procedure that you thought was essential to getting good results. Did you find that certain steps in the procedure had to be followed carefully in order to get consistent results? If you wanted better results, do you think there is a step that could have been added to the procedure?
2. Discuss your thoughts on the overall lab design. Did it help you understand the concepts better, or did it raise more questions? Do you think you could have designed a better experiment? If so, explain how and then discuss it with your classmates. Share some of your knowledge with them or learn a little more about the experiment you just did.
HELP ME FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THESE WORDS
one, haploid, two, same, diploid, gamete, sperm, twenty-three, egg, forty-six, half
1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that makes sex cells or gametes.
2. The female sex cells are eggs; the male sex cells are sperm.
3. Mitosis consists of one division, while meiosis consists of two divisions.
What are gametes?
Gametes are reproductive cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. They are produced by the process of meiosis, which results in the formation of haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. In humans, gametes are called sperm in males and eggs in females. During fertilization, a sperm and an egg fuse together to form a zygote, which contains the full set of chromosomes and develops into a new organism. Gametes are essential for maintaining genetic diversity within a population and for the continuation of the species through reproduction.
Remainings are :
4. Mitosis makes the cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, but meiosis produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
5. A human's body cell have forty-six chromosomes; sex cells, or gametes, have twenty-three chromosomes.
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__________ are personality tests wherein individuals describe what they see in a series of inkblots. a. thematic apperception tests b. self-report inventories c. projective tests d. rorschach tests
Answer:
The answer is B. Self-report inventories.
Self-report inventory belongs to the category of personality tests and contains direct questions about respondent's personal interest, values, traits and behaviors. In this test, there are no correct or incorrect answers, as the whole test is based on respondent's subjective perceptions and opinions. This is usually a brief test - it takes five to fifteen minutes to complete it.
Part B
Which principles did you use to determine the order of the layers in question 1, part A?
The correct sequence for the formation of the features from oldest to newest is layer 4, layer 3, layer 2, layer 5, and layer 1.
According to the relative ages of the layers, layer 4 is the oldest, followed by layers 3, 2, 5, and 1, while layer 3 is the second oldest. Depending on the situation and the information at hand.
What principle tells you that layers 1 through 5 have been changed?According to the superposition principle, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top of a succession of undisturbed rock strata. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in horizontal layers, according to the idea of original horizontality.
What is the proper chronological order of the rock layers, starting with the oldest?Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous (Mississippi and Pennsylvanian), Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary are the strata in chronological order. The type of rock in which fossils are most likely to form is a sedimentary rock.
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which of the following organs filters excess solutes from the blood? a) kidney b) gallbladder c) spleen d) stomach a) kidney
The organ that filters excess solutes from the blood is the kidney.
The kidney is the organ responsible for filtering excess solutes from the blood. The kidneys are paired organs located in the abdomen and are responsible for filtering blood and removing excess wastes and solutes from the body. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. As blood passes through the nephrons, wastes, excess solutes, and excess water are filtered out of the blood and excreted in the form of urine. The other organs listed, including the gallbladder, spleen, and stomach, do not play a significant role in filtering excess solutes from the blood.
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nociceptors group of answer choices are rare in joint capsules. have large receptive fields. are widely distributed in all tissues. increase in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. carry fast pain sensations through unmyelinated fibers.
The correct answer is that nociceptors has have large receptive fields.
All pain-sensitive neurons have rather broad receptive fields, especially at the thalamic and cortical levels, indicating that the detection of pain is more significant than its exact localisation.
Transmission of harmful information through the A delta and C fibres. A delta fibres (group III fibres) have a diameter of 2 to 5 mm, are myelinated, have a high conduction velocity of 5 to 40 m/s, and primarily transmit information from nociceptors that are mechanically sensitive or mechanothermally focused. Small receptive fields characterise them.
The majority of nociceptors react to unpleasant chemical stimuli, noxious thermal stimuli (hot or extreme cold), and noxious mechanical stimuli (painful pressure, squeezing, or cutting the tissue).
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7. of the three bacterial cell shapes you observed, which is most likely to have moved using flagella when living? which shape is the least likely to have moved with flagella?
Spirochetes shape is the least likely to have moved with flagella. Bacterial cell shapes can be classified into three main categories: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped) and spirochetes (spiral-shaped).
The presence of flagella is an important determinant of bacterial motility. The bacillus (rod-shaped) most likely migrated by flagella. Bacilli have one or more flagella extending from one or both ends of the cell, which allows them to move actively in the liquid medium.
These flagella are capable of propelling cells in a variety of ways, including swimming in a straight line, tumbling or changing direction, and swarming in a coordinated fashion.
Spiral bacteria can also have flagella, but they are less common in bacilli. Spirilla often use their unique shape and spinning flagella to navigate through viscous media, such as mud or mucus, by rotating their entire body like a cork.
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which of these anatomical regions are lined by ciliated cells and which are not?
- Bronchi - Bronchiole - Trachea
- Terminal bronchiole - Alveolus - Alveolar ducts
In the anatomical regions listed, the following are lined by ciliated cells:
- Bronchi
- Trachea
- Bronchiole (only non-ciliated in the terminal bronchioles)
The following are not lined by ciliated cells:
- Bronchiole (only non-ciliated in the terminal bronchioles)
- Terminal bronchiole
- Alveolus
- Alveolar ducts
Cilia are microscopic, hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of cells. They are present on the surfaces of many cells in the human body, including the respiratory system. Cilia on respiratory tract cells beat in a coordinated, wave-like motion to move mucus and debris out of the lungs. Ciliated cells are cells that have cilia. They are found in the respiratory tract, where they play an important role in moving mucus and debris out of the lungs. Ciliated cells help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract, while the regions without ciliated cells are mainly involved in gas exchange.
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match each term with its best description
Impact metamorphism, also known as shock metamorphism, refers to the changes that occur in rocks and minerals as a result of high-pressure shock waves generated by the impact of a meteorite or other extraterrestrial object.
During an impact event, immense amounts of energy are released, causing the rock and mineral structure to be deformed and transformed. This can lead to the formation of distinctive features, such as shatter cones, planar deformation features, and melt rocks. These features are useful for identifying impact craters and understanding the dynamics of impact events.
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Impact metamorphism: change in a rock resulting from a metiorite. Burial metamorphism: when a rock changes due to surrounding pressure on all sides. Foliation: parallele alignement of platy grain . Compaction: grains move closer together
What are impact metamorphism, burial metamorphism, foliation, and compaction?
Impact metamorphism refers to the effects that might be caused when two bodies collide. These effects may be related to deformations and changes in state and temeperature. An example of impact metamorphism is an asteroid colliding the Earth. Burial metamorphism refers to changes that occur to different rocks when they are buried under ground at different depths where temperature and pressure affects their state.Foliation refers to the way in which metamorphic rocks arrange in layers or varying thikness. Compaction refers to the pressure that diffectent materials might suffer, causing spaces between particles to dissapear. This is how sedimentary rocks are created.
Impact metamorphism ⇒ change in a rock resulting from a metiorite
Burial metamorphism ⇒ when a rock changes due to surrounding pressure on all sides
Foliation ⇒ parallele alignement of platy grain
Compaction ⇒ grains move closer together
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the term dermatophyte is typically used for fungi that cause which of the following? the term dermatophyte is typically used for fungi that cause which of the following? subcutaneous mycoses cutaneous mycoses opportunistic infections systemic mycoses
The term 'dermatophyte' is generally used for fungi that causes option B: cutaneous mycoses.
Cutaneous mycoses is a fungal infection caused by a yeast fungi of Candida genus. Fungi belonging to dermatophytes causes illnesses that develop in the skin, hair, or nails, are referred to as dermatophytes. These anamorphic (asexual or imperfect fungus) mold genera are Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton.
The host reacts to metabolic byproducts, which causes the organisms to invade the keratin tissues and cause inflammation. Generally, dermatophytes are unable to penetrate the live tissue of an immunocompetent host, their colonies are often restricted to the dead cornified layer of the epidermis.
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how does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation? view available hint(s)for part a how does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation? it allows the frequency of a recessive allele in a population to be predicted under certain conditions. it restricts the gene pool by chance events such as floods or other catastrophic events. it allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes. it fosters the exchange of genes between different populations. it helps individual organisms make a greater contribution to the gene pool of the next generation.
It encourages gene transfer among various populations. It limits the gene pool as a result of random events like floods and other catastrophic events.
Under certain circumstances, it makes it possible to predict the prevalence of a recessive allele in a population.
Propagating heterozygotes makes it possible for recessive alleles that might not be preferred in the current environment to remain in the gene pool.
Circulation is one way that hereditary variety can be safeguarded in huge populaces over wide actual reaches, as various powers will move relative allele frequencies in various ways at one or the flip side.
An allele must have an expressed phenotype to be subject to natural selection. Because the phenotype is not expressed in heterozygotes, recessive alleles can be maintained in diploid (or polyploid) species, even if they are harmful.
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Its actually science pleas help
The unknown atom of the periodic table is:
The symbol of the element with 19 protons is K.The atomic number of K is 19.Mass number is 3919 protons, 19 electrons and 20 neutrons.How to determine an unknown element?(3) The mass number of potassium (K) can vary depending on the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The most abundant isotope of potassium is K-39, which has 19 protons and 20 neutrons, giving it a mass number of 39. However, potassium also has two other isotopes, K-40 and K-41, which have 20 and 21 neutrons, respectively, and different mass numbers. Therefore, the specific mass number of K depends on the isotope present in the sample being studied.
(4) K has 19 protons and, if it is a neutral atom, 19 electrons. The number of neutrons depends on the isotope of potassium. The most abundant isotope of potassium is K-39, which has 20 neutrons. The other two isotopes, K-40 and K-41, have 21 and 22 neutrons, respectively.
In conclusion, the element with 19 protons is potassium (K). Its atomic number is 19, and its most common isotope is K-39, with a mass number of 39. Given that the atomic number uniquely identifies an element, we can confidently say that the unknown element is potassium.
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Image transcribed:
Sample Problem: Unknown Atom
An element on the periodic table has been identified to have 19 protons. Your lab superior has asked you to file the information away, along with various characteristics about the element, for storage and record purposes.
Using standard atomic notation report the (1) element's symbol, (2) atomic number, (3) mass number, and in addition, the (4) number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Finally, make a statement about the identity of the element.
Cutting down forests changes the populations of more than trees. Imagine the organisms that lived in this forest. After the tress have been cut, fewer animals can survive here.
What are the MOST LIKELY the limiting factors in this case?
Cutting down forests changes the populations of more than trees. Imagine the organisms that lived in this forest. After the tress have been cut, fewer animals can survive here.
What are the MOST LIKELY the limiting factors in this case?
S7L4.c
food and space
food and shelter
water and space
food and water
The reduction of the flounder population would have the greatest impact on the heron in this food chain. The heron depends heavily on the flounder, a predator in the food chain.
How is the food chain arranged?A food chain has the sun (or light energy), primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers in that sequence.
How does the fish food chain work?Here's how it functions: Food chains start with zooplankton, which are microscopic creatures and floating plants, and phytoplankton. A little fish that consumes the tiny creatures, such as a bay anchovy or a menhaden, is the following link in the food chain.
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what is the function of the capillaries? to temporarily store blood that isn't being circulated to carry blood toward the heart to act as a zone of diffusion between blood and tissues to carry blood away from the heart
The function of capillaries is to act as a zone of diffusion between blood and tissues.
Capillaries are tiny, blood vessels with thin walls that link arteries and veins. Because of the thinness of its walls—just one cell—the blood and tissues around it may exchange nutrition, oxygen, and waste products.
Throughout the body, capillaries are essential for the supply of nutrients and oxygen to cells. Oxygen and nutrients permeate from the blood and into the surrounding tissues as it passes through capillaries. Furthermore, wastes like carbon dioxide and metabolic byproducts seep into the blood from the tissues and are then transported elsewhere for processing and removal.
In conclusion, capillaries' main job is to serve as a point of exchange between blood and tissues, enabling the delivery of nutrients and oxygen as well as the elimination of waste.
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q4.16. imagine a community with a single predator, two herbivores, and four primary producers (7 species total). how many food web links are theoretically possible? that is, how many links are possible if each species is able to feed on every species in the community?
The maximum number of links that are theoretically possible on the food web is 28. The number of linkages in a community with so many species would be 64, or 8 times 8, telling that one species can feed on another.
According to the ecologist, heterotrophs and autotrophs are the two trophic levels in a food chain.
Autotrophs also produces organic and inorganic substances and require chemical energy or reactions from the sun.
Heterotrophs, on the other hand, consume autotrophs.
The number of linkages in a community with so many species would be 64, or 8 times 8, indicating that one species can feed on another.
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Any white blood cells which are not lymphocytes are best known as:
Nature Killer cells
O B-cells
Lymphoid cells
Myeloid cells
Please help
Answer:
Explanation:
lymphoid vells
identify the function(s) of the viral capsid. choose one or more: a. is necessary for rna virus attachment b. contains virulence factors that increase the severity of viral disease c. determines the shape of the virion d. protects the viral genome
Determines the shape of the virion was the function(s) of the viral capsid. Option (c).
What exactly is a viral capsid?The primary purpose of viral capsids, which are nanometer-sized containers with complicated mechanical characteristics, is to encapsidate the viral genome in one host, transfer it, and then release it into another host cell.
A helical virus's viral nucleic acid coils into a helical shape, and the capsid proteins spiral around the nucleic acid's interior or exterior to create a long tube- or rod-like structure . The nucleocapsid is made up of the nucleic acid and the capsid.
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The diagram shows a plant stem.
Diagram of stem growth. Text: Apical meristem, A, B, C.
Where are the oldest cells found in this plant?
A.
In section C, where cell enlargement takes place
B.
In section C, where cell division takes place
C.
In section A, where cell division takes place
D.
In section A, where cell differentiation takes place
The response is C. where cell division occurs, in section A.
Calculation-The basic growth of the plant is carried out by the apical meristem, designated "A" in the diagram. Cell division occurs here, producing new cells that will later undergo differentiation to become specialised tissues like the xylem and phloem.
The apical meristem's cells travel out of the meristem and into section C, where they undergo cell expansion, where they continue to develop and differentiate. As a result, section A, where cell division occurs, contains the oldest cells.
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which statement among a-c is not applicable to flocculation, or floc formation, during wastewater treatment? a. filamentous bacteria enhance floc formation. b. flocculation is important for the production of a clear effluent stream of wastewater. c. flocculation increases the amount of bod entering effluent stream of wastewater. d. a-c are all applicable.
The statement that does not apply to flocculation, or floc formation, during wastewater treatment is flocculation increases the amount of BOD entering the effluent stream of wastewater (option C).
А generаl mechаnism for the destаbilizаtion of colloidаl sols by high-moleculаr-weight synthetic polymers, termed polyelectrolytes, is described by the theory of bridging. The polyelectrolyte is аdsorbed аt severаl sites, not covering the whole аreа of the colloidаl pаrticles. Аs the polyelectrolyte molecules аre relаtively long, loops or chаins protrude beyond the double lаyer. Thus, flocculаtion tаkes plаce through hydrophobic or hydrogen bonds, аnd аny compression of the double lаyer thаt cаn be induced by increаses in ionic strength should enhаnce bridging by аllowing closer pаrticle аpproаch.
Filamentous bacteria enhance floc formation and flocculation is important for producing a clear effluent stream of wastewater. Still, flocculation does not increase the amount of BOD entering the wastewater effluent stream.
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