What are the steps of mitosis? explain the steps

Today, mitosis is understood to involve five phases, based on the physical state of the chromosomes and spindle. These phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.  

Prophase

Mitosis begins with prophase, during which chromosomes recruit condensin and begin to undergo a condensation process that will continue until metaphase. In most species, cohesin is largely removed from the arms of the sister chromatids during prophase, allowing the individual sister chromatids to be resolved. Cohesin is retained, however, at the most constricted part of the chromosome, the centromere (Figure 9). During prophase, the spindle also begins to form as the two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles and microtubules begin to polymerize from the duplicated centrosomes.

Prometaphase

Prometaphase begins with the abrupt fragmentation of the nuclear envelope into many small vesicles that will eventually be divided between the future daughter cells. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane is an essential step for spindle assembly. Because the centrosomes are located outside the nucleus in animal cells, the microtubules of the developing spindle do not have access to the chromosomes until the nuclear membrane breaks apart.

Prometaphase is an extremely dynamic part of the cell cycle. Microtubules rapidly assemble and disassemble as they grow out of the centrosomes, seeking out attachment sites at chromosome kinetochores, which are complex platelike structures that assemble during prometaphase on one face of each sister chromatid at its centromere. As prometaphase ensues, chromosomes are pulled and tugged in opposite directions by microtubules growing out from both poles of the spindle, until the pole-directed forces are finally balanced. Sister chromatids do not break apart during this tug-of-war because they are firmly attached to each other by the cohesin remaining at their centromeres. At the end of prometaphase, chromosomes have a bi-orientation, meaning that the kinetochores on sister chromatids are connected by microtubules to opposite poles of the spindle.

Metaphase

Next, chromosomes assume their most compacted state during metaphase, when the centromeres of all the cell's chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle. Metaphase is particularly useful in cytogenetics, because chromosomes can be most easily visualized at this stage. Furthermore, cells can be experimentally arrested at metaphase with mitotic poisons such as colchicine. Video microscopy shows that chromosomes temporarily stop moving during metaphase. A complex checkpoint mechanism determines whether the spindle is properly assembled, and for the most part, only cells with correctly assembled spindles enter anaphase.

Anaphase, is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage at which the chromosomes reach the poles. The nuclear membrane then reforms, and the chromosomes begin to decondense into their interphase conformations. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The daughter cells that result from this process have identical genetic compositions.

Answer:

Prophase (From Greek words meaning “before” and “stage”):

Chromatin condenses into 2 visible rod structures, chromosomes, in a process called chromatin condensation (inspired name, right?).

Due to the DNA replication in interphase, there are two identical copies of each chromosome, referred to as sister chromatids, attached by a centromere.

At the end of prophase the nucleolus dissolves.

Technically this next section is classed as a separate stage but for all intents and purposes it is usually bundled up in the end of Prophase and the beginning of Metaphase. It’s called… *drum roll*… Prometaphase.

What happens here is the nuclear membrane breaks apart and chromosomes form structures known as kinetochores. For A-level you don't really need to know about these so I'll stop myself there.

Metaphase (from Greek meaning “adjacent” “stage”):

The centromeres of all chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres form between the poles of the cell and the centromeres.

Anaphase (more Greek! Means “up” “stage”):

The centromeres are split and the spindle fibres contract, pulling the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell. The chromatids form a V/Y shape as they are pulled backwards.

The cell also stretches into an oval (this movement of the cell is due to non-kintochore spindle fibres pushing against each other, but this is far above A-level).

Telophase (“end” “stage”):

The effects of prophase and prometaphase are effectively reversed here.

Two nuclei form in the cell, at both ends of the cell. Nuclear envelopes are reformed from components of the parent cell’s envelope.

There are 2 theories about how this happen:

Vesicle fusion: fragments of the initial nuclear membrane fuse to rebuild the nuclear membrane

Reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum

The nucleoli also re-form, any remaining spindle fibres depolymerise and the chromosomes begin to unwind and expand into the chromatin that is seen in interphase.

Cytokenises begins, in which a Myosin II and actin filament ring contract to cleave the cell in two, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

After that, they're both straight back to interphase.

Explanation:

The codes found in DNA, for an organism's traits, are copid by the cells m-RNA by producing special units called codons.
These codons are represented by...

A. Four random nitrogenous bases
B. An anti-codon called t-RNA
C. Base pairs A-T and C-G
D. Three nitrogenous bases in a sequence

Which letter best represents the wavelength?

A
B
C
D

9. Please use the image of embryo development below to answer the following questions. All of the animals below are vertebrates.


Which of the following shows the correct order of development for mammal embryos from left to right? (Left is early. Right is just before birth.) *


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

E. E

F. F

After the desired piece of DNA is added to the plasmid, the plasmid is placed into a(n) _____________ for incubation.

Which of the following statements correctly explains how this process works?​

1.If the DNA is not copied correctly, what effect will it have on the protein that is made?

2. If the protein is not the correct structure, what effect will that have on the trait?

3. Why is it important for the structure of genes/DNA to remain normal and unchanged?  What happens if a mutation happens? (Please include the following terms in your answer: gene, mutation, protein, trait).​

It has the biggest particles and feels rough when you rub it. It is usually found near rivers
seas.
(1 Point)
O Clay
O Loam
Silt
O
Sand

Study the image below, which shows the limb bones of various mammals. What might some scientists infer from this diagram? *

A. These mammals have similar bones in similar patterns. For this reason, they might share a common ancestor.

B. These mammals have very different limb shapes with different sizes of bones. For this reason, they probably do not share a common ancestor.

C. These mammals have similar bones in similar patterns. For this reason, they might have evolved from one another in a linear fashion.

D. These mammals live in many different environments and have different limbs to match. For this reason, they probably do not share a common ancestor.

Which of these organisms is not a chordate? earthworm snake sea squirt human​

What is an example of plant organism structure and functions that help plants survive in their ecosystem? [Question for fun :)]


A: Plant seeds are part of their reproduction process and help make sure the species survives.

B: Plants, as producers, make food with the help of their leaves and sunlight.

C: Plants lack structures that serve a function because plants are stationary.

D: Plants have specialized parts like thorns that help protect them from being eaten.

The hypothetical explosion that created the universe is called the big bash.


Please select the best answer from the choices provided

T
F

The image below is an example of

A. reflection
B. refraction
C. absorption
D. diffusion

Can Someone help me with this :)

How would you describe the relationship between the eagle and the hare? Are there any patterns in their interactions with one another?

The light from many stars can be seen from Earth. But there is a time delay between the time the light is emitted from the star and when we see it here on Earth. Which of the following statements best explains why there is a delay?
A. Stars twinkle, so they give off light at regular intervals.
B.The stars’ light is not bright enough to reach Earth immediately.
C.Stars are light-years away from Earth, so light takes time to reach our planet.
D.Earth’s atmosphere is too thick for light to reach the surface as soon as it is emitted.


HELP ME PLEASE!!!!!!

Can Someone help me with this :) and NO LINKS

1. What do scientist think caused the Autumn Buttercups to disappear in that certain area?

Explain to the Econauts how their plans for the next biodome should be different.

whats the overall population of a bearded dragon? (over the whole world not a specific area)

Which foods are examples of complex carbohydrates? (Select all that apply.)

-white bread
-wheat
-cereal
-fruit juice concentrate
-oatmeal
-barley

What questions do you have about our origins? What clues in nature can we look for to investigate this mystery?

what Willa hypothesis become if it is supported by repeated experiments A a prediction B a scientific theory c a conclusion d a control

how are you doing?
if you want you can vent in the comments or the answers.

Can Someone help me with this :)

The fossil record includes all of the fossils discovered on Earth. How is the fossil record organized?
A. Size
B. Age
C. Shape
D. Color

The author of the passage would most likely agree that
A
most scientists don't believe that plants release oxygen.
B
the hypothesis that plants need light has been disproven by evidence.
C
Bromthymol blue does not reliably indicate the presence of carbon
dioxide.
D
scientific investigations can show how the process of photosynthesis occurs.

WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST! 50 POINTS

What causes air masses to move?

When prevailing westerlies shift directions and move toward the west.
Weather conditions change rapidly to produce storms.
A collision takes place between two natural wind patterns.
Long, narrow bands of wind blow in the upper atmosphere.

Which foods would be classified as fats? (Select all that apply.) no links

-vegetables

-fruit

-dairy

-fish

-water

-nuts

The needle of the compass is pointing toward the magnetic north pole of Earth. What would cause the needle of the compass to point toward the east? Explain why.

Which of the following may be caused by molds?

Allergy
Pneumonia
Cystic fibrosis
Huntington's disease