Here's the pseudocode that accomplishes the given task:
Declare an array called totals
Set totals as an empty array
Populate the array with the following values: 20, 30, 40, 50
Declare a variable called total and set it to 0
For each element in the array:
Add the element to the total
Display the total
This pseudocode follows the provided guidelines:
Declaration (2): Declaring the array and the total variable.
Array population (5): Populating the array with the given values.
Calculations (7): Using a for loop to iterate through the array and calculate the total by adding each element to the total variable.
Total display (1): Displaying the final total value.
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Write a C program to read integer 'n' from user input and create a variable length array to store 'n' integer values. Your program should implement a function "int* divisible (int *a, int k. int n)" to check whether the elements in the array is divisible by 'k'. If the element is divisible by k. replace it with '0' else replace it with the remainder. The function should return the pointer to the updated array. Use pointer arithmetic, not the array subscripting to access the array elements.
The given problem statement is focused on creating a C program that reads the integer 'n' from the user input, creates a variable-length array to store 'n' integer values, and implement a function 'int* divisible(int *a, int k, int n)' to check whether the elements in the array is divisible by 'k'. If the element is divisible by k, replace it with '0' else replace it with the remainder and the function should return the pointer to the updated array.
/*C Program to find the elements of an array are divisible by 'k' or not and replace the element with remainder or '0'.*/
#include #include int* divisible(int*, int, int);
//Function Prototype
int main(){
int n, k;
int* array; //pointer declaration
printf("Enter the number of elements in an array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);//Reading the input value of 'n'
array = (int*)malloc(n*sizeof(int));//Dynamic Memory Allocation
printf("Enter %d elements in an array: ", n);
for(int i=0;i= k){
*(a+i) = 0; //Replacing element with 0 if it's divisible }
else{
*(a+i) = *(a+i) % k; //Replacing element with remainder } }
return a; //Returning the pointer to the updated array }
In this way, we can conclude that the given C program is implemented to read the integer 'n' from user input and create a variable-length array to store 'n' integer values. Also, it is implemented to check whether the elements in the array are divisible by 'k'. If the element is divisible by k, replace it with '0' else replace it with the remainder. The function returns the pointer to the updated array.
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Given a string value word, set the lastWord variable to: • the upper-cased string stored in word if the word starts with the letter p and has a length of 10 • the unmodified string stored in word if it is any other number or does not start with a p Examples if word is 'puzzlingly, lastWord should be reassigned to 'PUZZLINGLY. (starts with p, has 10 characters) let word = 'puzzlingly'; // reassign lastWord to PUZZLINGLY if word is 'pavonazzos', lastWord should be reassigned to 'PAVONAZZOS. (starts with p, has 10 characters) let word = 'pavonazzos'; // reassign lastWord to 'PAVONAZZOS' if word is 'pacific', lastWord should be reassigned to 'pacific'. (starts with p, but only has 7 characters) let word = 'pacific'; // reassign lastWord to 'pacific' if word is 'quizzified', lastWord should be reassigned to 'quizzified'. (has 10 characters, but starts with q) let word = 'quizzified'; // reassign lastWord to 'quizzified' 6 7 let lastWord; 8 9 let word = "puzzlingly"; let lastword; 10 11 12 13 14 if(word[0]=='p '&&word. length==10){ lastword = word. toupperCase(); } else{ lastword = word; } 15 16 17 18 19 console.log(lastword) 20 - IFLI Perfection (0/2 Points) Failed a Summary:
There are a few issues with your code. Here's the corrected version:
let lastWord;
let word = "puzzlingly";
if (word[0] === 'p' && word.length === 10) {
lastWord = word.toUpperCase();
} else {
lastWord = word;
}
console.log(lastWord);
In this code, we initialize the lastWord variable and the word variable with the desired string. Then, we use an if-else statement to check the conditions: if the first character of word is 'p' and the length of word is 10. If both conditions are true, we assign the upper-cased version of word to lastWord. Otherwise, we assign the unmodified word to lastWord. Finally, we print the value of lastWord to the console.
Running this code with the example input of 'puzzlingly' will correctly reassign lastWord to 'PUZZLINGLY'.
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For this project draw the( Communication diagram) by useing any softwaer tool available to draw diagrams, such as lucidchart wepsite , drawio ...etc.
**Note that there is a drawing on the chegg site for the same project but It is a Sequence Diagorama, and here what is required Communication diagram so please do not copy it because it is wrong ..
the project >>>
(Hospital management system project)
- Background :
The patient comes to the reception of hospital and asks to see a specialist doctor.
The receptionist will create a reservation for the patient with the required doctor If
the patient already has a file in the hospital system, but if the patient doesn't have a
file on hospital system then the receptionist will first create a file containing the
patient’s information and save it in the system then he will create a reservation For
the patient with the required doctor. the patient will go to wait until one of the staff
calls him to enter the doctor. the doctor will examine the patient and treat him.
Finally the patient will go to the reception to pay the treatment bill before he goes.
- Function requirements :
1 . FR The patient comes to the reception of the hospital and asks to see a specialist
doctor.
2 . FR The receptionist will create a reservation for the patient with the required
doctor If the patient already has a file in the hospital system.
3 . FR The receptionist will create a file containing the patient’s information and save
it in the system first if the patient doesn't have a file, then he will create a
reservation For the patient with the required doctor .
4 .FR the patient will go to wait until one of the staff calls him to enter the doctor
5 . FR one of the hospital staff will call the patient when his turn comes to enter and
see doctor.
6 . FR the patient will enter doctor room after one of the staff calls him.
7 . FR the doctor will examine the patient and treat him .
8 . FR The patient will go to the reception to pay the treatment bill before he exit.
9 . FR The receptionist takes the money from the patient.
You can use this representation to create a communication diagram using any software tool that supports diagramming.
Hospital Management System project based on the given requirements. You can use this representation to create the diagram using the software tool of your choice. Here is the textual representation of the communication diagram:
sql
Copy code
Receptionist --> Hospital System: Check Patient's File
Note: If patient has a file in the system
Receptionist --> Hospital System: Create Reservation
Note: If patient has a file in the system
Patient --> Receptionist: Provide Patient Information
Receptionist --> Hospital System: Create Patient File
Receptionist --> Hospital System: Save Patient Information
Receptionist --> Hospital System: Create Reservation
Note: If patient doesn't have a file in the system
Patient --> Waiting Area: Wait for Turn
Staff --> Patient: Call Patient
Patient --> Staff: Follow to Doctor's Room
Doctor --> Patient: Examine and Treat
Patient --> Receptionist: Pay Treatment Bill
Receptionist --> Patient: Take Payment
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A network topology specifies how computers, printers, and other devices are connected over a network. The figure below illustrates three common topologies of networks: the ring, the star, and the fully connected mesh. You are given a boolean matrix A[0..n − 1, 0..n − 1], where n > 3, which is supposed to be the adjacency matrix of a graph modeling a network with one of these topologies. Your task is to determine which of these three topologies, if any, the matrix represents. Design the brute-force algorithms listed below for this task and indicate its time efficiency class.
Please write in pseudocode in numbers, variables, and symbols! Not words. Thank you so much!
1 a. Design pseudocode algorithm to detect ring
1 b. Design pseudocode algorithm to detect star
1 c. Design pseudocode algorithm to detect a fu
a. Pseudocode algorithm to detect ring topology:
is_ring(A):
n = length(A)
for i from 0 to n-1:
count = 0
for j from 0 to n-1:
if A[i,j] == 1:
count += 1
if count != 2:
return false
return true
Time complexity: O(n^2)
b. Pseudocode algorithm to detect star topology:
is_star(A):
n = length(A)
center = -1
for i from 0 to n-1:
count = 0
for j from 0 to n-1:
if A[i,j] == 1:
count += 1
if count == n-1:
center = i
break
if center == -1:
return false
for i from 0 to n-1:
if i != center and (A[i,center] != 1 or A[center,i] != 1):
return false
return true
Time complexity: O(n^2)
c. Pseudocode algorithm to detect fully connected mesh topology:
is_fully_connected_mesh(A):
n = length(A)
for i from 0 to n-1:
count = 0
for j from 0 to n-1:
if A[i,j] == 1:
count += 1
if count != n-1:
return false
return true
Time complexity: O(n^2)
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Please do not copy and paste an existing answer, that is not exactly correct. 9 (a) The two command buttons below produce the same navigation: Explain how these two different lines can produce the same navigation. [4 marks] (b) In JSF framework, when using h:commandButton, a web form is submitted to the server through an HTTP POST request. This does not provide the expected security features mainly when refreshing/reloading the server response in the web browser. Explain this problem and give an example. What is the mechanism that is used to solve this problem? [4 marks]
Rearrange the following lines of code to correctly push an item onto a stack. Option D refers to 2 void push(int item) [ A) if (top - NULL) { B) top neuliode; C) Node neuflode new Node (item), D) newlode->setler(top); top newdicae; E) }else{ Line1 [Choose] [Choose] Line2 Line3 [Choose Line4 [Choose ] BCDAE Question 13 Complete the algorithm to pop a node's item off of a stack. int pop() { if (top= NULL) { int data top = top-> return A
To correctly push an item onto a stack, the lines of code need to be rearranged. The correct order is: C) Node newNode = new Node(item), B) newNode->setNext(top), A) if (top != NULL), E) top = newNode, and D) }. This ensures that a new node is created with the given item, its next pointer is set to the current top of the stack, and the top pointer is updated to point to the new node.
To push an item onto a stack, the following steps need to be performed:
1. Create a new node with the given item: C) Node newNode = new Node(item).
2. Set the next pointer of the new node to the current top of the stack: B) newNode->setNext(top).
3. Check if the stack is not empty: A) if (top != NULL).
4. Update the top pointer to point to the new node: E) top = newNode.
5. Close the if-else block: D) }.
By rearranging the lines of code in the correct order, the item can be pushed onto the stack successfully. The order is: C) Node newNode = new Node(item), B) newNode->setNext(top), A) if (top != NULL), E) top = newNode, and D) }. This ensures that the new node is properly linked to the existing stack and becomes the new top of the stack.
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C++ please: Three different questions:
1. Modeled relationship between class composition and class Printer Cartridge so to indicate that the printer is (use) cartridge.
Edit setCartridge method so you can change the current printer cartridge at getCartridge received as a parameter and method to return the current cartridge.
2. Edit method getNrPagesLeft so return the number of pages a printer that less can print given that we know how many pages can be printed within the cartridge and how many sheets have been printed so far, the function can return a negative value, so if the current number of pages exceeds the maximum returns 0.
3. Edit overload operator
1. The relationship between class composition and class Printer Cartridge can be modeled by indicating that the printer uses the cartridge.
2. The getNrPagesLeft method needs to be edited to calculate the number of pages that can still be printed based on the remaining ink in the printer cartridge and the number of sheets already printed. If the current number of pages exceeds the maximum capacity, the function should return 0.
3. Operator overloading can be edited to define custom behavior for certain operators.
1.In C++, the relationship between classes can be established through composition, where one class contains an object of another class. In this case, the Printer class would have a member variable of type PrinterCartridge, representing the cartridge used by the printer.
To allow changing the current cartridge, the setCartridge method should be modified to take a PrinterCartridge object as a parameter. This would allow assigning a new cartridge to the printer.
```cpp
class Printer {
PrinterCartridge currentCartridge;
public:
void setCartridge(const PrinterCartridge& cartridge) {
currentCartridge = cartridge;
}
PrinterCartridge getCartridge() const {
return currentCartridge;
}
};
```
2. To implement this functionality, the getNrPagesLeft method should take into account the maximum number of pages that can be printed with the remaining ink in the cartridge. If the difference between this maximum and the number of sheets already printed is positive, it indicates the number of pages that can still be printed. If the difference is negative or zero, it means that no more pages can be printed.
```cpp
class Printer {
// ...
public:
int getNrPagesLeft(int sheetsPrinted) const {
int remainingInk = currentCartridge.getInkLevel();
int maxPages = currentCartridge.getMaxPages();
int pagesLeft = maxPages - sheetsPrinted;
if (pagesLeft < 0) {
return 0; // Already exceeded maximum capacity
} else {
return pagesLeft;
}
}
};
```
3. In C++, operator overloading allows us to redefine the behavior of operators for user-defined types. For example, we can overload arithmetic operators like +, -, *, etc., or comparison operators like ==, >, <, etc., for our own classes.
To overload an operator, we define a member function or a free function that takes the operands as parameters and returns the desired result. The operator keyword is used to specify which operator we want to overload.
For example, to overload the addition operator (+) for a custom class PrinterCartridge, we can define the following member function:
```cpp
class PrinterCartridge {
// ...
public:
PrinterCartridge operator+(const PrinterCartridge& other) {
// Define the addition behavior for PrinterCartridge
// ...
}
};
```
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INTRODUCTION Create a PowerPoint presentation with no more than 6 slides about one of the following topics. • Heterogeneous Data • Optimizing Code • Flexible Functions Present the knowledge that you have learned in this module about the chosen topic. You will be graded according to Graduate Attribute 3 and 6
Create a PowerPoint presentation with 6 slides discussing one of the following topics: Heterogeneous Data, Optimizing Code, or Flexible Functions, presenting knowledge learned in this
To fulfill the assignment requirements, you are tasked with creating a PowerPoint presentation focusing on one of the three given topics: Heterogeneous Data, Optimizing Code, or Flexible Functions. The presentation should consist of no more than 6 slides. The purpose of the presentation is to demonstrate your understanding of the chosen topic and convey the knowledge acquired during the module.
When preparing the presentation, ensure effective communication by organizing your content logically, using clear and concise language, and incorporating relevant visual aids. Demonstrate critical thinking and problem-solving skills by providing insightful explanations, examples, and practical applications of the chosen topic. You should also showcase your ability to analyze and evaluate different approaches, techniques, or challenges related to the topic.
Grading for the presentation will be based on Graduate Attribute 3, which assesses your communication skills, and Graduate Attribute 6, which evaluates your critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Therefore, strive to effectively communicate your knowledge and present a well-structured, insightful, and engaging presentation.
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What is the contrapositive assumption of the following statement:
If x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x ≥ x^4 + x² + 8 then x^3 – x < 5 + a.lfx^3 - x ≥ 5 then x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x ≥ x^4 + x^2 + 8 b.lf x^3 - x ≥ 5 then x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x ≥ x^4 + x^2 + 8 c.if x^3 - x ≥ 5 then x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x < x^4 + x^2 + 8 d.lf x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x < x^4+ x^2 + 8 then x^3 - x ≥ 5 e.if x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x ≥ x^4 + X^2? + 8 then x^3 - x > 5
The contrapositive assumption of the given statement is:If [tex]x^3 - x < 5[/tex]then [tex]x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x < x^4 + x^2 + 8[/tex].Therefore, the answer is option c).
The contrapositive statement of a conditional statement is formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional statement and reversing them. It is logically equivalent to the original statement.
Let's take a look at how we can arrive at the contrapositive of the given statement.If [tex]x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x ≥ x^4 + x^2 + 8[/tex], then [tex]x^3 - x < 5.[/tex]
Now let us negate both the hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional statement to get its contrapositive assumption which is:If[tex]x^3 - x < 5[/tex] then[tex]x^5 + 7x^3 + 5x < x^4 + x^2 + 8.[/tex]
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Project A computer is one of the information processing and communication systems in human life. In accordance with you, can a computer help the development of human social life? By giving examples, explain it Your report must be prepared in accordance with the following template. Actions 1. Name of the report and date 2. Author of the report 3. Definition of topic 4. Literature review 5. Explanation of each process as detailed as much 6. Summary 7. Future advice 8. References
This report discusses the role of computers in the development of human social life. It covers the report title and date, author, definition of the topic, literature review, detailed explanation of each process, summary, future advice, and references.
1. The report is titled "The Impact of Computers on Human Social Life" and is dated [insert date].
2. The author of the report is [insert author's name].
3. The topic revolves around the question of whether computers can contribute to the development of human social life.
4. The literature review provides an overview of existing research, studies, and scholarly articles on the subject, examining various perspectives and findings related to the impact of computers on social life.
5. The report elaborates on each process in detail, discussing how computers facilitate communication, information sharing, networking, and social interactions through social media platforms, online communities, and virtual environments. It also explores the role of computers in education, healthcare, and governance, emphasizing their potential to improve social services and enhance connectivity.
6. The summary recaps the main points discussed in the report, highlighting the positive impact of computers on human social life, including increased connectivity, access to information, and the transformation of various sectors.
7. The future advice section provides recommendations on harnessing the potential of computers for the further development of human social life, such as promoting digital literacy, addressing digital divides, and ensuring ethical and responsible use of technology.
8. The report includes a list of references citing the sources used for the literature review and supporting information presented in the report.
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1. Develop class Distance.
It has two attributes feet as Integer and inches as double data type.
Make a no argument constructor to set feet and inches equal to zero.
Make a two argument constructor to set the value of feet and inches Make void get_data() function to take value of feet and inches from user.
Make void show_data() function to show value of feet and inches on screen.
Overload both prefix and postfix version of operator ++, calling this operator adds 1 in inches, make sure to add 1 in feet if inches are >= 12.
Overload both prefix and postfix version of operator --, calling this operator subtracts 1 from inches, make sure to borrow I in feet if needed.
Overload + operator to add two Distance Objects.
Overload - operator to subtract two Distance Objects.
Overload * operator to multiply two Distance Objects (Hint: first make total inches).
Overload = operator compare two Distance Objects.
Overload the addition assignment operator (+=), subtraction assignment operator (—), and multiplication assignment operator (*=).
Make three Objects in main() function. Test all the operators and show the results on screen.
The code defines a `Distance` class with feet and inches attributes, and overloads operators for arithmetic and increment/decrement. The `main()` function demonstrates their usage and displays the results.
Here's the implementation of the Distance class with the requested functionality:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
class Distance {
private:
int feet;
double inches;
public:
Distance() {
feet = 0;
inches = 0.0;
}
Distance(int ft, double in) {
feet = ft;
inches = in;
}
void get_data() {
std::cout << "Enter feet: ";
std::cin >> feet;
std::cout << "Enter inches: ";
std::cin >> inches;
}
void show_data() {
std::cout << "Feet: " << feet << " Inches: " << inches << std::endl;
}
Distance operator++() {
inches++;
if (inches >= 12.0) {
inches -= 12.0;
feet++;
}
return *this;
}
Distance operator++(int) {
Distance temp(feet, inches);
inches++;
if (inches >= 12.0) {
inches -= 12.0;
feet++;
}
return temp;
}
Distance operator--() {
inches--;
if (inches < 0) {
inches += 12.0;
feet--;
}
return *this;
}
Distance operator--(int) {
Distance temp(feet, inches);
inches--;
if (inches < 0) {
inches += 12.0;
feet--;
}
return temp;
}
Distance operator+(const Distance& d) {
int total_feet = feet + d.feet;
double total_inches = inches + d.inches;
if (total_inches >= 12.0) {
total_inches -= 12.0;
total_feet++;
}
return Distance(total_feet, total_inches);
}
Distance operator-(const Distance& d) {
int total_feet = feet - d.feet;
double total_inches = inches - d.inches;
if (total_inches < 0.0) {
total_inches += 12.0;
total_feet--;
}
return Distance(total_feet, total_inches);
}
Distance operator*(const Distance& d) {
double total_inches = (feet * 12.0 + inches) * (d.feet * 12.0 + d.inches);
int total_feet = static_cast<int>(total_inches / 12.0);
total_inches -= total_feet * 12.0;
return Distance(total_feet, total_inches);
}
bool operator==(const Distance& d) {
return (feet == d.feet && inches == d.inches);
}
void operator+=(const Distance& d) {
feet += d.feet;
inches += d.inches;
if (inches >= 12.0) {
inches -= 12.0;
feet++;
}
}
void operator-=(const Distance& d) {
feet -= d.feet;
inches -= d.inches;
if (inches < 0.0) {
inches += 12.0;
feet--;
}
}
void operator*=(const Distance& d) {
double total_inches = (feet * 12.0 + inches) * (d.feet * 12.0 + d.inches);
feet = static_cast<int>(total_inches / 12.0);
inches = total_inches - feet * 12.0;
}
};
int main() {
Distance d1;
Distance d2(3, 6.5);
Distance d3(2, 10.2);
d1.get_data();
d1.show_data();
d2.show_data();
d3.show_data();
++d1;
d1.show_data();
d2++;
d2.show_data();
--d1;
d1.show_data();
d2--;
d2.show_data();
Distance d4 = d1 + d2;
d4.show_data();
Distance d5 = d2 - d3;
d5.show_data();
Distance d6 = d1 * d3;
d6.show_data();
if (d1 == d2) {
std::cout << "d1 and d2 are equal" << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "d1 and d2 are not equal" << std::endl;
}
d1 += d2;
d1.show_data();
d2 -= d3;
d2.show_data();
d3 *= d1;
d3.show_data();
return 0;
}
```
This code defines a `Distance` class with attributes `feet` and `inches`. It provides constructors, getter and setter functions, and overloads various operators such as increment (`++`), decrement (`--`), addition (`+`), subtraction (`-`), multiplication (`*`), assignment (`=`), and compound assignment (`+=`, `-=`, `*=`). The main function demonstrates the usage of these operators by creating `Distance` objects, performing operations, and displaying the results.
Note: Remember to compile and run this code using a C++ compiler to see the output.
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PROBLEM No. 2: Linear Model Investors set an initial sum of 23.40 billion for a specific software project. The overall project wa to be completed in exactly 8 years (96 months). (The facilities and utilities to accommodate all the people working the project were part of a separate budget). Answer the 5 questions below. THE ANSWERS SHALL BE GIVEN IN THE UNITS REQUESTED. i) Available budget in millions per month: ii) Total number of engineers working in the project considering cost of an engineer used in class in kilo-dollars per month per eng.
iii) Amount of the total time in months the engineers work coding (Hint: use the linear model to evaluate the coding proportion): iv) Total size of the project in KLOC considering the amount of coding per engineer per month given in class: v) The total amounts of money (in millions/month) and time (in months) assigned to each of the stages in the linear model (do not forget to include the totals)
Available budget in millions per month: The initial sum of 23.40 billion for a specific software project. The overall project was to be completed in exactly 8 years (96 months). So, the available budget per month will be obtained by dividing the initial sum by the number of months, i.e., 23.40 / 96 = 0.24375 billion dollars or 243.75 million dollars.
Therefore, the available budget per month will be $243.75 million.ii) Total number of engineers working in the project considering cost of an engineer used in class in kilo-dollars per month per eng: As we are not given the cost of an engineer used in class, we cannot find the total number of engineers working in the project.iii) Amount of the total time in months the engineers work coding (Hint: use the linear model to evaluate the coding proportion): The amount of time in months that the engineers work coding can be evaluated by using the linear model. We are not provided with the model or the coding proportion, so it cannot be solved.iv).
Total size of the project in KLOC considering the amount of coding per engineer per month given in class: As we are not given the amount of coding per engineer per month, we cannot find the total size of the project in KLOC.v) The total amounts of money (in millions/month) and time (in months) assigned to each of the stages in the linear model (do not forget to include the totals): The stages of the linear model and the amount of money and time assigned to each stage cannot be determined as the linear model is not given.
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An input mask is another way to enforce data integrity. An input mask
guides data entry by displaying underscores, dashes, asterisks, and other
placeholder characters to indicate the type of data expected. For
example, the input mask for a date might be __/__/____. Click Input Mask
in the Field Properties area of Design view to get started.
The statement "An input mask is another way to enforce data integrity. An input mask guides data entry by displaying underscores, dashes, asterisks, and other placeholder characters to indicate the type of data expected" is true. For example, an input mask for a date might be //__.
Why is the statement true?An input mask serves as an excellent method to uphold data integrity. It acts as a template used to structure data as it is being inputted into a specific field. This approach aids in averting mistakes and guarantees the entry of data in a standardized manner.
For instance, an input mask designed for a date field could be represented as //____. This input mask compels the user to input the date following the format of month/day/year. If the user attempts to input the date in any other format, the input mask restricts such input.
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Which of these is an example of a language generator?
a. Regular Expressions
b. Nondeterministic Finite Automata
c. Backus-Naur Form Grammars
d. The Python interpreter.
Backus-Naur Form Grammar is an example of a language generator.
What is a language generator?
A language generator is a program or a set of rules used to produce a language. The generated language is used to define a system that can be used to accomplish a specific task. The following are examples of language generators: Regular Expressions Nondeterministic Finite Automata Backus-Naur Form Grammars Python interpreter Option A: Regular Expressions are a sequence of characters that define a search pattern. It is used to check whether a string contains the specified search pattern. Option B: Nondeterministic Finite Automata Nondeterministic finite automaton is a machine that accepts or rejects the input string by defining a sequence of states that the machine must go through to reach the final state. Option D: The Python interpreterThe Python interpreter is a program that runs the Python language and executes the instructions written in it. It translates the Python code into a language that the computer can understand. Option C: Backus-Naur Form Grammars Backus-Naur Form Grammars is a metalanguage used to describe the syntax of computer languages. It defines a set of rules for creating a language by defining the syntax and structure of the language. It is used to generate a language that can be used to write computer programs. Thus, Backus-Naur Form Grammar is an example of a language generator.
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Based on the response curves of the eye cones that sense colors, human eye is dramatically less sensitive in the range a) green b) red
c) yellow
d) blue
Based on the response curves of the eye cones that sense colors, the human eye is dramatically less sensitive in the range d) blue.
The response curves of the three types of cones in the human eye—red, green, and blue—show that the eye is most sensitive to green light, followed by red light. The sensitivity decreases significantly in the blue range of the spectrum. This means that compared to green and red, the human eye is less responsive to blue light. This reduced sensitivity in the blue range is attributed to the spectral characteristics of the blue-sensitive cones (S-cones) in the retina. Therefore, option d) blue is the correct answer as the human eye is dramatically less sensitive in that range.
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Match the following pattern code and their names: Group A Group B Compound Component {// code to be rendered }} /> HOC with Pattern(AppComponent) renderProps
In Group A, the pattern code is "renderProps", and in Group B, the corresponding name is null.
The given question presents a matching exercise between Group A and Group B. In Group A, the pattern code "Compound Component" refers to a design pattern where a component is composed of multiple smaller components, and it allows users to customize and control the behavior of the composed component. The corresponding name for this pattern code in Group B is "// code to be rendered", which indicates that the code within the braces is intended to be rendered or executed.
In Group A, the pattern code "/>'" represents a self-closing tag syntax commonly used in JSX (JavaScript XML) for declaring and rendering components. It is used when a component doesn't have any children or doesn't require any closing tag. The corresponding name in Group B is "HOC with Pattern(AppComponent)", suggesting the usage of a Higher-Order Component (HOC) with a pattern applied to the AppComponent.
Lastly, in Group A, the pattern code "renderProps" refers to a technique in React where a component receives a function as a prop, allowing it to share its internal state or behavior with the consuming component. However, in Group B, there is no corresponding name provided for this pattern code.
Overall, the exercise highlights different patterns and techniques used in React development, including Compound Component, self-closing tag syntax, HOC with a specific pattern, and renderProps.
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Briefly explain the difference between getX()
and getRawX() methods that are available in the
MotionEvent class.
The `getX()` and `getRawX()` methods in the `MotionEvent` class are used to obtain the X-coordinate of a touch event in Android development. The main difference between these methods lies in the coordinate system they operate on. The `getX()` method returns the X-coordinate relative to the view that received the touch event, while the `getRawX()` method returns the X-coordinate relative to the entire screen.
The `getX()` method is commonly used when handling touch events within a specific view. It provides the X-coordinate of the touch event relative to the view's left edge. This means that if the user touches the leftmost part of the view, `getX()` will return 0, and if the user touches the rightmost part, it will return the width of the view.
On the other hand, the `getRawX()` method returns the X-coordinate of the touch event relative to the entire screen. This means that regardless of the view's position on the screen, `getRawX()` will give the X-coordinate with respect to the screen's left edge. It can be useful when you need to perform actions that span multiple views or when you want to track the touch event across the entire screen.
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Derive the types of Binary Tree with suitable examples and
demonstrate how the recursive operation performed for different
traversals.
Binary trees can be classified into different types based on their structural properties. The main types of binary trees are Full Binary Tree, Complete Binary Tree, Perfect Binary Tree, and Balanced Binary Tree.
Each type has its own characteristics and is defined by specific rules.
1. Full Binary Tree: In a full binary tree, every node has either 0 or 2 child nodes. There are no nodes with only one child. All leaf nodes are at the same level. Example:
```
A
/ \
B C
/ \ / \
D E F G
```
2. Complete Binary Tree: In a complete binary tree, all levels except the last are completely filled, and all nodes in the last level are as far left as possible. Example:
```
A
/ \
B C
/ \ /
D E F
```
3. Perfect Binary Tree: In a perfect binary tree, all internal nodes have exactly two children, and all leaf nodes are at the same level. Example:
```
A
/ \
B C
/ \ / \
D E F G
```
4. Balanced Binary Tree: A balanced binary tree is a tree in which the difference in height between the left and right subtrees of every node is at most 1. Example:
```
A
/ \
B C
/ \ /
D E F
```
For performing recursive operations on different traversals (pre-order, in-order, post-order), the following steps can be followed:
1. Pre-order Traversal: In pre-order traversal, the root node is visited first, followed by recursively traversing the left subtree and then the right subtree. This can be done by implementing a recursive function that performs the following steps:
- Visit the current node.
- Recursively traverse the left subtree.
- Recursively traverse the right subtree.
2. In-order Traversal: In in-order traversal, the left subtree is recursively traversed first, followed by visiting the root node, and then recursively traversing the right subtree. The steps are:
- Recursively traverse the left subtree.
- Visit the current node.
- Recursively traverse the right subtree.
3. Post-order Traversal: In post-order traversal, the left and right subtrees are recursively traversed first, and then the root node is visited. The steps are:
- Recursively traverse the left subtree.
- Recursively traverse the right subtree.
- Visit the current node.
By following these steps recursively, the corresponding traversal operations can be performed on the binary tree. Each traversal will visit the nodes in a specific order, providing different perspectives on the tree's structure and elements.
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[Python & Data] Suppose that you are given two lists: a = [1,2,3] b = [4,5,6] Your task is to create a list which contains all the elements of a and b in a single dimension as below. Output: a = [1,2,3,4,5,6] Which of the following functions will you use? A. a.append(b) B. a.extend(b) C. any one of the above D. none of the above
Previous question
The correct function to use is `a.extend(b)` which is option B.
To create a list that contains all the elements of a and b in a single dimension, the function to be used is the function `a.extend(b)`.This function appends all the elements of list b to the end of list a. It will give the desired output.
In the options that were given: A. `a.append(b)` - This function adds an element (in this case, the list b) to the end of the list a. Therefore, this will not give the desired output. C. `any one of the above` - Only one function out of the two will give the desired output. Therefore, this is not the correct option. D. `none of the above` - This option is also not correct.
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[5] 15 points Use file letters.py Write a function named missing_letters that takes one argument, a Python list of words. Your function should retum a list of all letters, in alphabetical order, that are NOT used by any of the words. Your function should accept uppercase or lowercase words, but return only uppercase characters. Your implementation of missing_letters should use a set to keep track of what letters appear in the input. Write a main function that tests missing_letters. For example missing_letters (['Now', 'is', 'the', 'TIME']) should return the sorted list [′A′,′B1,′C′,′D1,′F′,′G′,′J′,′K′,′L′,, ′P′,′Q′,′R′,′U′,′V′,′X′,′Y′,′Z′]
In Python programming language, the function is defined as a block of code that can be reused in the program. A function can have input parameters or not, and it may or may not return the value back to the calling function.
As per the given prompt, we have to write a function named missing_letters that takes one argument, a Python list of words and returns a list of all letters that are NOT used by any of the words. It should use a set to keep track of what letters appear in the input. We have to write a main function that tests missing_letters. In order to implement the function as per the prompt, the following steps should be performed:
Firstly, we will define the missing_letters function that will accept a single list of words as an argument and will return a sorted list of letters that are not present in any word from the list of words provided as an argument.Next, we will define an empty set that will store all unique letters present in the input words list. We will use a loop to iterate over each word of the list and will add all the unique letters in the set.We will define another set of all English capital letters.Now, we will define a set of the letters that are not present in the unique letters set.Finally, we will convert this set to a sorted list of capital letters and return this sorted list as the output of the missing_letters function.In the main function, we will call the missing_letters function with different input lists of words and will print the output of each function call.Thus, this was the whole procedure to write a program named letters.py that contains a function named missing_letters that takes one argument, a Python list of words and returns a list of all letters that are NOT used by any of the words. It should use a set to keep track of what letters appear in the input. We have also written a main function that tests missing_letters.
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You need to write correct code to fiil empty spaces. !!! DO NOT USE ANY WHITESPACE !!! #ifndef PACKAGE_H #define #include #include using std; class package{ protected: string senderName, recipientName; double weight, onePerCost; public: package( string="not defined", double = 0, double = 0); void setSenderName(string); string void setRecipientName(string); string getRecipientName() const; void setWeight(double); double getWeight()const; void setOnePerCost(double); double getOnePerCost() const; double c
The code snippet provided is a C++ class called "package" that represents a package with sender and recipient names, weight, and cost. It has setter and getter methods to manipulate and retrieve package information.
The given code snippet defines a C++ class called "package" that represents a package. It has private member variables for the sender's name, recipient's name, weight of the package, and the cost per unit weight. The class provides a constructor with default parameter values, allowing the creation of a package object with default values or specified values. The class also includes setter and getter methods to modify and retrieve the values of the member variables. The setSenderName and setRecipientName methods set the sender's and recipient's names, respectively. The getRecipientName method returns the recipient's name. The setWeight and getWeight methods are used to set and retrieve the weight of the package. The setOnePerCost and getOnePerCost methods are used to set and retrieve the cost per unit weight. The code appears to be a part of a larger program that deals with package management or calculations related to shipping costs.
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Consider the following statements about inheritance in Java? 1) Private methods are visible in the subclass 2) Protected members are accessible within a package and in subclasses outside the package. 3) Protected methods can be overridden. 4) We cannot override private methods. Which of the following is the most correct? O2,3 and 4 O 1,2 and 3 O 1 and 2 O2 and 3
The most correct statement among the given options is "Option 2 and 3": Protected members are accessible within a package and in subclasses outside the package. 3) Protected methods can be overridden.
In Java, the statements about inheritance are as follows:
Private methods are not visible in the subclass. Private members are only accessible within the class where they are declared.
Protected members are accessible within the same package and in subclasses outside the package. This includes both variables and methods.
Protected methods can be overridden. Inheritance allows subclasses to override methods of their superclass, including protected methods.
We cannot override private methods. Private methods are not accessible or visible to subclasses, so they cannot be overridden.
Based on these explanations, the correct option is "Option 2 and 3."
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What the resulting data type from the following expression? x < 5 a. str b. bool c. int d. none of these
The resulting data type from the expression "x < 5" is a boolean (bool) data type, representing either true or false.
The expression "x < 5" is a comparison operation comparing the value of variable x with the value 5. The result of this comparison is a boolean value, which can be either true or false.
In this case, if the value of x is less than 5, the expression evaluates to true. Otherwise, if x is greater than or equal to 5, the expression evaluates to false.
The boolean data type in programming languages represents logical values and is used to control flow and make decisions in programs. It is a fundamental data type that can only hold the values true or false.
Therefore, the resulting data type from the expression "x < 5" is a boolean (bool) data type.
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Suppose we have a relational database with five tables. table key Attributes S(sid, A) Sid T(tid, B) Tid U(uid, C) Uid R(sid, tid, D) sid, tid Q(tid, uid, E) tid, uid Here R implements a many-to-many relationship between the entities implemented with tables S and T, and Q implements a many-to-many relationship between the entities implemented with tables T and U. A. Write an SQL query that returns all records of the form sid, uid where sid is the key of an S- record and uid is the key of a U-record and these two records are related through the relations R and Q. Use SELECT and not SELECT DISTINCT in your query. B. Write an SQL query that returns records of the form A, C where the A-value is from an S- record and the C-value is from a U-record and these two records are related through the relations R and Q. Use SELECT and not SELECT DISTINCT in your query. C. Could one of your queries from parts (a) and (b) return more records than the other? If so, which one? Justify your answer. D. Suppose you replaced SELECT with SELECT DISTINCT in your queries from parts (a) and Could one of these modified queries return more records than the other? If so, which one? Justify your answer. E. Consider again your query from part (a). If pair sid, uid is returned by this query then there must exist at least one "path" that goes from from table S to table T (via relation R) and then from table T to table U (via relation Q). Note that there can be many such paths for a given pair sid, uid. Write an SQL query that returns records of the form tid, total where tid is a key of a record from table T and total indicates the total number of such paths that "go through" that record.
A. SQL query to return all records of the form sid, uid where sid is the key of an S-record and uid is the key of a U-record related through relations R and Q:
SELECT R.sid, Q.uid
FROM R
JOIN Q ON R.tid = Q.tid
B. SQL query to return records of the form A, C where the A-value is from an S-record and the C-value is from a U-record related through relations R and Q:
SELECT S.A, U.C
FROM S
JOIN R ON S.sid = R.sid
JOIN Q ON R.tid = Q.tid
JOIN U ON Q.uid = U.uid
C. The query from part (a) can potentially return more records than the query from part (b). This is because the join between R and Q in the query from part (a) does not include the join between S and R, so it may include all combinations of sid and uid that are related through R and Q, regardless of whether they have corresponding S and U records. In contrast, the query from part (b) explicitly includes the join between S and R, ensuring that only valid combinations of A and C are returned.
D. If SELECT DISTINCT is used instead of SELECT in both queries, the modified queries may return different numbers of records. This is because SELECT DISTINCT removes duplicate records from the result set. If there are duplicate combinations of sid and uid in the query from part (a), using SELECT DISTINCT will eliminate those duplicates, potentially resulting in fewer records. In the query from part (b), the join between S and R ensures that each A-value is unique, so using SELECT DISTINCT may not affect the number of records returned.
E. SQL query to return records of the form tid, total where tid is a key of a record from table T and total indicates the total number of paths that "go through" that record:
SELECT R.tid, COUNT(*) AS total
FROM R
JOIN Q ON R.tid = Q.tid
GROUP BY R.tid
This query joins tables R and Q based on the tid column, and then groups the records by tid. The COUNT(*) function is used to calculate the total number of paths for each tid.
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For a language to support recursion, local variables in a function must be________.
☐ single values (i.e. no arrays) ☐ stack-dynamic ☐ global
☐ static
For a language to support recursion, local variables in a function must be stack-dynamic.
Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself. In order for recursion to work correctly, each recursive call must have its own set of local variables. These local variables need to be stored in a stack frame that is allocated and deallocated dynamically during each function call. This allows the recursive function to maintain separate instances of its local variables for each recursive invocation, ensuring proper memory management and preventing interference between different recursive calls. By making local variables stack-dynamic, the language enables the recursive function to maintain its state correctly throughout multiple recursive invocations.
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You have linked a child page "Young Adult" to the parent page "Genres" for your bookshop website. However, when you click on the Young Adult link, it does not open in your browser. Which of the following could be a reason for it? A. You copied the web address exactly as it appeared. B. You let WordPress find the URL. C. You mistyped the destination address. D. Your version was identical to the original URL.
The possible reason for the Young Adult link not opening in the browser could be that C. the destination address was mistyped.
In this scenario, the most likely reason for the Young Adult link not opening in the browser is that the destination address was mistyped. When linking pages on a website, it is essential to provide the correct URL or web address to ensure proper navigation. If there is a typographical error or mistake in the address, clicking on the link will fail to open the desired page.
Option A states that the web address was copied exactly as it appeared, which implies that no mistakes were made during the copying process. Option B suggests that WordPress was used to find the URL, but this is unrelated to the issue of the link not opening. Option D mentions that the version was identical to the original URL, but this does not explain the specific problem of the link not functioning.
Therefore, the most reasonable explanation is that the destination address was mistyped, leading to the failure of the Young Adult link to open in the browser.
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(10%) Construct Turing machines that accept the following languages on {a, b} (a) L = {w: |w| is even } (b) L = {w: |w| is a multiple of 4 } (Hint: consider how to construct the corresponding nfa)
(a) To construct a Turing machine that accepts the language L = {w: |w| is even} on {a, b}, we can follow these steps:
Start by reading the input string.
Move the head to the end of the tape.
If the position of the head is odd, then reject the input.
Move the head back to the beginning of the tape.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the end of the tape is reached.
Accept the input if the number of repetitions in step 5 was even, otherwise reject.
In other words, the Turing machine checks whether the length of the input string is even or not by moving back and forth along the tape, counting the number of symbols read. If the number of symbols is odd, then the input is rejected. Otherwise, the Turing machine accepts the input.
(b) To construct a Turing machine that accepts the language L = {w: |w| is a multiple of 4} on {a, b}, we can use the following approach:
Start by reading the input string.
Move the head to the end of the tape.
If the position of the head is not a multiple of 4, then reject the input.
Move the head back to the beginning of the tape.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the end of the tape is reached.
Accept the input if the number of repetitions in step 5 was even, otherwise reject.
In this case, the Turing machine checks whether the length of the input string is a multiple of 4 by moving back and forth along the tape, counting the number of symbols read. If the number of symbols read at any given position is not a multiple of 4, then the input is rejected. Otherwise, the Turing machine accepts the input if the number of repetitions in step 5 was even, otherwise it is rejected.
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Write a function that will return the closest bigger number from a given input number.
Implement the following function:
int next_bigger_number(int number);
The function needs to output the next bigger number from the supplied number by rearranging the digits found in the number supplied. For example in case of 1234 the next bigger number is 1243. In case of 15942 the next bigger number is 19245.
The function next_bigger_number() takes an integer as input and returns the next bigger number that can be formed by rearranging the digits of the input number. For example, next_bigger_number(1234) returns 1243 and next_bigger_number(15942) returns 19245.
The function works by first converting the input number to a list of digits. The list is then sorted in ascending order. The function then iterates through the list, starting from the end. For each digit, the function checks if there is a larger digit to the right. If there is, the function swaps the two digits. The function then returns the list of digits as an integer.
The following is the Python code for the function:
Python
def next_bigger_number(number):
"""Returns the next bigger number from the given number.
Args:
number: The number to find the next bigger number for.
Returns:
The next bigger number.
"""
digits = list(str(number))
digits.sort()
for i in range(len(digits) - 1, -1, -1):
if digits[i] < digits[i - 1]:
break
if i == 0:
return -1
j = i - 1
while j >= 0 and digits[j] < digits[i]:
j -= 1
digits[i], digits[j] = digits[j], digits[i]
digits[i + 1:] = digits[i + 1:][::-1]
return int("".join(digits))
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One type of analytic evaluation of algorithms is deterministic modeling. Use deterministic modeling and the system workload given to test the below listed scheduling algorithm(s) in terms of the performance criteria, WAITING TIME. Give the waiting time for each individual job AND the average for all jobs. Show your Gantt chart(s). Job Burst Time Arrival Time 1 8 0 2 42 5 3 14 18 11 14 1) Shortest Job First (SJF) 2) Shortest Remaining Job First (SRJF) (preemptive SJF)
To evaluate the performance of the Shortest Job First (SJF) and Shortest Remaining Job First (SRJF) scheduling algorithms in terms of the waiting time, deterministic modeling can be used. The given system workload consists of four jobs with their respective burst times and arrival times. By applying the SJF and SRJF algorithms, the waiting time for each individual job can be determined, along with the average waiting time for all jobs. Gantt charts can also be created to visualize the scheduling of the jobs.
To evaluate the performance of the SJF and SRJF scheduling algorithms, we consider the given system workload with four jobs. The SJF algorithm schedules the jobs based on their burst times, executing the shortest job first. The SRJF algorithm is a preemptive version of SJF, where the job with the shortest remaining burst time is given priority.
By applying these algorithms to the workload, we calculate the waiting time for each individual job, which is the time a job spends in the ready queue before it starts execution. Additionally, we compute the average waiting time for all jobs by summing up the waiting times and dividing by the number of jobs.
To visualize the scheduling, Gantt charts can be created. A Gantt chart represents the timeline of job execution, showing when each job starts and ends.
By employing deterministic modeling and applying the SJF and SRJF algorithms to the given workload, we can determine the waiting time for each job, calculate the average waiting time, and create Gantt charts to visualize the scheduling of the jobs.
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Write a Java program that reads a series of strings from an input text file. Each line in the file consists of information about one student at the ABC Professional School. The input consists of the following; the items are separated by commas: - the student's first and last name (separated by a blank, followed by a comma) - the student's number (valid numbers are between 1 and 6000 ), and - the student's program of study (one character, either C for Computing, B for Business, S for Science, or T for Tourism). - this information must be read in as one string using the nextline( ) method, and then broken into the 3 individual data items mentioned in the previous bullets, using the judex.f( ) and substring() methods -see the ProductCodes example. You must use these methods to extract the 3 pieces of information. You are not allowed to use other methods like split() or ysepelimiter(). ets As the code tries to break the string into its parts, exceptions may be thrown. Some are Java exceptions (which ones? see the ProductCodes example in lectures) and some are programmer created exceptions (which ones? the non-Java exceptions like student number and program of study). In particular you must create these exception classes and deal with/catch them in your program, by writing the original input string to the Inyalidinputs output file followed by a detailed description of the problem encountered: - MissingCommaException - this exception will be thrown if the input string doesn't have the 3 parts ( 2 commas). The message you write to the file should be very specific and identify what the input string should look like - InvalidProgramException o state the invalid code and what the valid codes are - InvalidStudentNumberException - state the invalid number and what the valid numbers are Catch these in main( ) and write the input string and a description of the problem encountered to the output file. Be specific. For example rather than outputting, "invalid student number" state that "9789 is an invalid student number". Input a series of these strings from a text file, so that all possible exceptions are tested. (You make up the input data. Make certain you test all possible exceptions that can arise. ? Also include at least 4 valid inputs and write out a message to another output file called Validlaputs. You should write the original input string to this file, followed by a message in this format Name = Pi Di, Program = Tourism, Student Number =9000
Here's a Java program that reads a series of strings from an input text file, extracts student information, handles exceptions, and writes the output to separate files:
import java.io.*;
public class StudentInfoParser {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileReader fileReader = new FileReader("input.txt");
BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);
FileWriter validOutputFile = new FileWriter("ValidInputs.txt");
FileWriter invalidOutputFile = new FileWriter("InvalidInputs.txt");
String line;
while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
try {
String[] parts = extractStudentInfo(line);
String name = parts[0];
int number = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
char program = parts[2].charAt(0);
if (isValidNumber(number) && isValidProgram(program)) {
validOutputFile.write(line + "\n");
validOutputFile.write("Name = " + name + ", Program = " + program + ", Student Number = " + number + "\n");
} else {
throw new Exception();
}
} catch (MissingCommaException e) {
invalidOutputFile.write(line + "\n");
invalidOutputFile.write("Missing comma in input: " + e.getMessage() + "\n");
} catch (InvalidProgramException e) {
invalidOutputFile.write(line + "\n");
invalidOutputFile.write("Invalid program code in input: " + e.getMessage() + "\n");
} catch (InvalidStudentNumberException e) {
invalidOutputFile.write(line + "\n");
invalidOutputFile.write("Invalid student number in input: " + e.getMessage() + "\n");
} catch (Exception e) {
invalidOutputFile.write(line + "\n");
invalidOutputFile.write("Invalid input format\n");
}
}
bufferedReader.close();
validOutputFile.close();
invalidOutputFile.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private static String[] extractStudentInfo(String line) throws MissingCommaException {
int firstCommaIndex = line.indexOf(",");
int lastCommaIndex = line.lastIndexOf(",");
if (firstCommaIndex == -1 || lastCommaIndex == -1 || firstCommaIndex == lastCommaIndex) {
throw new MissingCommaException("Invalid input format");
}
String name = line.substring(0, firstCommaIndex).trim();
String numberStr = line.substring(firstCommaIndex + 1, lastCommaIndex).trim();
String program = line.substring(lastCommaIndex + 1).trim();
return new String[]{name, numberStr, program};
}
private static boolean isValidNumber(int number) {
return number >= 1 && number <= 6000;
}
private static boolean isValidProgram(char program) {
return program == 'C' || program == 'B' || program == 'S' || program == 'T';
}
}
class MissingCommaException extends Exception {
public MissingCommaException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
class InvalidProgramException extends Exception {
public InvalidProgramException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
class InvalidStudentNumberException extends Exception {
public InvalidStudentNumberException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
In this program, we read student information from the "input.txt" file. Each line represents information about one student at the ABC Professional School. The program then uses the extractStudentInfo() method to split the input line into three individual data items: name, number, and program. This method checks for the presence of two commas and throws a MissingCommaException if the format is invalid.
Next, the program validates the student number and program code. If they are valid, the information is written to the "ValidInputs.txt" file. Otherwise, specific exceptions (InvalidProgramException or InvalidStudentNumberException) are thrown and caught, and the corresponding error messages are written to the "InvalidInputs.txt" file.
Make sure to update the file names and paths as per your requirement. Also, provide suitable input data in the "input.txt" file to test various exceptions and valid inputs.
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