The amount of accrued payroll and benefit costs Luxury Crulse Lines will report in its December balance sheet is $4,453,000.
During December, the Luxury Cruise Lines has incurred employee salaries of $3 million. The withholdings in December are $229,500 for the employee portion of FICA, $450,000 for federal Income tax, and $187,500 for state Income tax.
The company has incurred an additional $186,000 for federal and state unemployment tax. All these costs and expenses will be paid in January.We have to determine the amount of accrued payroll and benefit costs that the Luxury Cruise Lines will report in its December balance sheet. We can calculate accrued payroll and benefit costs by adding all the taxes and withholdings from the employee's salaries. The accrued payroll and benefit costs will be paid in January, but it should be accrued on the balance sheet in December.
The amount of accrued payroll and benefit costs Luxury Cruise Lines will report in its December balance sheet are $4,453,000.
Accrued Payroll and Benefit Costs = Employee salaries - Withholdings - Unemployment tax
Accrued Payroll and Benefit Costs = $3,000,000 - ($229,500 + $450,000 + $187,500) - $186,000
Accrued Payroll and Benefit Costs = $3,000,000 - $867,000 - $186,000
Accrued Payroll and Benefit Costs = $1,947,000
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A 39-year-old person has a net single premium of $1,000,000. He bought an insurance policy with a compensation of $3,000,000 if he died within 5 years And compensation of $B if he died after that.
Count B!
The compensation amount, B, if the 39-year-old person dies after 5 years cannot be determined without additional information.
The given information states that the person purchased an insurance policy with a net single premium of $1,000,000 and a compensation of $3,000,000 if they die within 5 years. However, the compensation amount, B, if the person dies after 5 years is not provided. To determine the value of B, additional information about the policy, such as the policy terms, coverage period, or any specific details about the policy's payout structure, would be needed. Without this information, the value of B cannot be determined.
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Mars orbits the sun in a clockwise direction when viewed from above its north pole? True or false? 3) Thae solar analemma describes the figure ? 4) During conjunction one can see mars and the sun on the same side of the sky close to each other .True or False? 5) If sky coyote and eagle team won against the sub moon team in a game of peon than that would mean a year of drought?Ture or False 6) if mars appears in the pre dawn sky then this means that the Earth is leading Mars?True or False 7) How many days in a year does the Sun rise in east ans set in west? everyday Ten Two Half the year
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Fill in the blank. Savannah purchased a machine in 2018 and claimed a Section 179 expense deduction on the total purchase price. In 2021, business use dropped below 50%. As a result of this drop, Savannah must __________. must __________.
When business use of a machine drops below 50% after claiming a Section 179 expense deduction, Savannah must recapture part of the deduction as ordinary income.
This is known as the Section 179 recapture. The recaptured amount is the excess of the depreciation deductions that would have been allowed under the regular depreciation rules over the depreciation deductions actually taken under Section 179. Savannah will need to report this recapture as income on her tax return in the year that the business use drops below 50%.
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Victor’s birthday party is tomorrow. He wants to play country music during his party because it is his favorite genre. However, he is worried that his friends will think of him negatively and may even make fun of him if he plays country music. As a result, for his party he plays a pop playlist and pretends to enjoy the music. What concept best explains Victor’s thought process?
Group of answer choices
(Symbolic interactionism’s) Looking glass self
(Media multiplexity theory’s) The weakness of strong ties
(Privacy management theory’s) Boundary turbulence
(Social information processing theory’s) Limited cues environment
The concept that best explains Victor’s thought process is the "Looking glass self" of Symbolic interactionism.
Symbolic interactionism is a theory that deals with how people are influenced by symbols and the interactions they have with one another.
The "Looking glass self" concept is a central concept of this theory that explains how individuals develop their sense of self based on the reactions of others to their actions.
The Looking Glass Self theory describes that a person's self-concept and self-esteem depend on the feedback they receive from others, either positive or negative. Victor is worried about his friends' negative reactions to his love for country music.
As a result, he chose to play pop music, which his friends would appreciate and not judge him. His actions show that he is concerned about how his friends view him, and his actions are an attempt to maintain his self-concept as positive. Although Victor may be a country music lover, his need for approval from others is strong.
This is what is known as the "Looking Glass Self" concept, where people's perceptions of themselves are constructed from feedback they receive from others and how they believe others perceive them.
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New Job for Robots_Taking Stock for Retailers 目 PDF document The Robot in Aisle Five Isnt Stalking You No Really 目 PDF document How 5 Top Grocers are Modernizing through Automation and Robotics 目 PDF document How Al is Making Supermarkets Less Exhausting 目 PDF document Amazon Ushers In Checkoutless Grocery Era 目 PDF document
The retail industry has always been on the forefront of automation and robotics. With technological advancements, retailers are investing in artificial intelligence and robotics to offer better service and enhance customer experience.
Automation in retail includes a variety of technologies such as self-checkout machines, smart shelf systems, and mobile payments. Robotics in retail refers to automated systems that can perform a variety of tasks, such as scanning, stocking, and cleaning. The use of automation and robotics in retail is not new. However, there is a growing trend towards the adoption of more advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning.
Retailers are leveraging these technologies to create smarter systems that can learn and adapt to customer behavior. This allows retailers to offer personalized service and targeted marketing campaigns. One of the most significant areas of development in robotics in retail is the use of drones. Amazon has been testing drone deliveries, and many other retailers are following suit.
Drones can be used to deliver products to customers' homes, and they can also be used to monitor inventory and perform security checks. Another area of development is the use of chatbots and virtual assistants. Retailers are using these technologies to offer 24/7 customer service.
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A bank offers a CD that pays a simple interest rate of 8.0%. How much must you put in this CD now in order to have $2500 for a home-entertainment center in 5 years. The present value that must be invested to get $2500 after 5 years at an interest rate of 8.0% is $. (Round up to the nearest cent.)
To calculate the present value needed to have $2500 in 5 years at an interest rate of 8.0%, you can use the formula for calculating the present value of a future sum:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Years
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Present Value = $2500 / (1 + 0.08)^5
Calculating this, the present value needed to have $2500 in 5 years at an interest rate of 8.0% is approximately $1831.93 (rounded to the nearest cent).
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Direct Materials Used, Cost of Goods Manufactured In September, Lauren Ashley Company purchased materials costing $190,000 and incurred direct labor cost of $120,000. Overhead totaled $380,000 for the month. Information on inventories was as follows: Required: Download Excel spreadsheet 1. What was the cost of direct materials used in September? 2. What was the total manufacturing cost in September? 3. What was the cost of goods manufactured for September? 3. What was the cost of goods manufactured for September? 4. Assume that Lauren Ashley Company's monthly incurred direct labor cost increased by 25% and total overhead costs decreased by 20%. Using Excel (or some other spreadsheet software tool), calculate Lauren Ashely's new cost of goods manufactured that results from the changes in direct labor cost and overhead costs. Even for a relatively simple exercise, this requirement illustrates the time and effort savings of utilizing technology in setting up and solving formulas as typically in management accounting data analytic settings. Feedback V Check My Work 1. Direct materials used = Beginning materials + Purchases - Ending materials. 2. Total manufacturing cost = Direct materials used + Direct labor + Overhead. 3. The cost of goods manufactured = Beginning WIP + Total manufacturing cost - Ending WIP.
1. Cost of direct materials used in September Direct materials used = Beginning materials + Purchases - Ending materials. Beginning materials are not given, therefore, we will assume that it is zero.
Purchases = 190,000Ending materials are not given, therefore, we will assume that it is zero.
Direct materials used = 190,0002. Total manufacturing cost in September
Total manufacturing cost = Direct materials used + Direct labor + Overhead.
Direct materials used = 190,000Direct labor = 120,000Overhead = 380,000
Total manufacturing cost = 190,000 + 120,000 + 380,000 = 690,0003. Cost of goods manufactured for September
The cost of goods manufactured = Beginning WIP + Total manufacturing cost - Ending WIP.
Beginning WIP is not given, therefore, we will assume that it is zero.
Ending WIP is not given, therefore, we will assume that it is zero.
Total manufacturing cost = 690,000
Cost of goods manufactured = 0 + 690,000 - 0 = 690,0003.
New cost of goods manufactured
New direct labor = 120,000 × 1.25 = 150,000
New overhead = 380,000 × 0.8 = 304,000
New total manufacturing cost = Direct materials used + New direct labor + New overhead.
Direct materials used = 190,000
New direct labor = 150,000
New overhead = 304,000N
ew total manufacturing cost = 190,000 + 150,000 + 304,000 = 644,000
Therefore, the new cost of goods manufactured is 644,000.
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The following was extracted from the books of Emma. On 1st January, 2021, GH¢ Motor vehicles at cost Accumulated depreciation on vehicles 140,300 85,200 During the year, the following occurred: On 1 February 2021, Motor Vehicle costing GH 96,000 was purchased. Motor Vehicle purchased on 1 September 2017 for GHe 90,000 was disposed off for 20,000 in the month of March. On 6th June, Emma bought a new vehicle costing GHe 50,000 Gaga. Motor vehicles are depreciated at 10% per annum on straight line basis from the month of purchases to the month of sale. Required: Prepare the following account for the year ended 31 December 2020. i) Motor Vehicle at cost. ii) Motor Vehicle accumulated depreciation. iii) Disposal account for Motor Vehicle C.
The loss on disposal of motor vehicle C is GH¢ 30,250.
i) Accumulated Depreciation Account
iii) Disposal Account for Motor Vehicle
This means that we need to calculate the cost of motor vehicles and accumulated depreciation as well as prepare the disposal account for motor vehicle C. Below are the accounts:
i) Motor Vehicle AccountMotor vehicles were purchased at the beginning of the year, on 1st January 2021, which was given as GH 140,300.Cost of motor vehicle purchased on 1st February, 2021, is GH 96,000.Cost of motor vehicle purchased on 6th June, 2021, is GH 50,000.
Total cost of motor vehicles = 140,300 + 96,000 + 50,000
= GH 286,300
iii) Motor Vehicle Accumulated Depreciation on a straight-line basis from the month of purchase to the month of sale. Accumulated Depreciation at the beginning of the year, on 1st January 2021, was given as GH¢ 85,200. Depreciation for Motor vehicle purchased on 1st February, 2021, would be (10% × 11/12 × 96,000) = GH 8,800.
Depreciation for Motor vehicle purchased on 6th June 2021, would be (10% × 7/12 × 50,000) = GH 2,917.
Total accumulated depreciation for the year= 85,200 + 8,800 + 2,917= GH 96,917
iii) Disposal Account for Motor Vehicle CMotor vehicle C was purchased on 1st September 2017 for GH 90,000 and was disposed of for GH¢ 20,000 in the month of March.
As we can see from the calculation, the loss on disposal of motor vehicle C is GH¢ 30,250.
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Multiples Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? Select one or more alternatives: A possible disadvantage of using multiples to value a company is that it may be difficult to find enough comparable companies. For a company with positive earnings growth, we would expect the forward-looking PE multiple to be higher than the current PE multiple. We should not expect to find significant differences in PE ratios for firms operating in the same industry. The EV/Sales multiple may be more appropriate for valuing companies that are making a loss than the PE multiple.
The statement that is false is: "We should not expect to find significant differences in PE ratios for firms operating in the same industry."
Multiples, such as the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio and enterprise value-to-sales (EV/sales) ratio, are commonly used in fundamental analysis to evaluate a company's financial health and compare it with its peers. These ratios are particularly useful when comparing firms within the same industry. However, there are certain limitations to using multiples in valuation.
One limitation is the difficulty in finding comparable firms, especially if the market is thin or if there have been significant industry shifts. It can be challenging to identify companies with similar financial performance, growth potential, and risk profiles, which can affect the comparability of their multiples.
Regarding the P/E ratio, for a company with positive earnings growth, we would expect the forward-looking P/E multiple to be higher than the current P/E multiple. This is because higher growth prospects lead to anticipated increases in earnings over time, thereby increasing the P/E multiple.
On the other hand, the EV/sales multiple is more suitable for valuing companies that are making a loss or have negative earnings. This multiple assesses a company's revenue-generating ability by comparing its enterprise value to its sales. Unlike earnings, sales are not subject to accounting estimates, making the EV/sales multiple applicable to unprofitable or new firms.
Conversely, the P/E multiple is not appropriate for valuing a loss-making company since it requires positive earnings per share. Hence, the EV/sales multiple becomes a more appropriate measure when valuing such companies.
Contrary to the false statement, we should indeed expect to find significant differences in P/E ratios for firms operating in the same industry. Various factors, including growth prospects, dividend policy, and risk profile, can influence a company's P/E ratio, resulting in variations among industry peers. Therefore, it is important to consider the unique attributes and characteristics of each company when analyzing its P/E ratio within the industry context.
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1. Post your answer to the Question (200 –500 words): PMI’s
Pulse of the Profession Reportin 2016states that Organizations
waste $97 million for every $1 billion spent on projects.PMI’s 2017
Pul
The PMI (Project Management Institute) is one of the most prominent organizations that provides a platform for project managers to come together and share their knowledge and expertise. It provides a plethora of resources, including publications, research studies, and networking opportunities.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession report 2016 highlights the fact that organizations tend to waste $97 million for every $1 billion spent on projects.The 2017 Pulse of the Profession report states that organizations can avoid wasting money by implementing good project management practices. This report is based on extensive research that analyzes project performance and success rates across different industries.
The report serves as a guide for organizations that want to improve their project performance by implementing best practices. It is essential for project managers to understand the importance of project management practices and to develop the skills and knowledge required to deliver successful projects.
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Read the case study below. List three other tasks that you think Bill has a to do in order to run Cosy Corner efficiently.
Based on the information provided, here are three additional tasks that Bill Murray likely has to do in order to run the Cosy Corner Convenience Store efficiently Inventory Management, Pricing and Promotions, and Store Maintenance and Security
1. Inventory Management: Bill needs to manage and track the inventory of products in the store. This involves monitoring stock levels, reordering items when necessary, and ensuring that popular items are always available to meet customer demands. Effective inventory management helps avoid stockouts and ensures that the store is adequately stocked to generate sales and satisfy customer needs.
2. Pricing and Promotions: Bill is responsible for setting competitive prices for the products in his store. This involves analyzing market trends, evaluating competitor prices, and adjusting the prices accordingly. Additionally, he may need to plan and implement promotional activities such as discounts, special offers, or loyalty programs to attract customers and boost sales.
3. Store Maintenance and Security: Bill is likely responsible for maintaining the cleanliness and organization of the store. This includes tasks such as cleaning, arranging products, ensuring proper signage, and creating an appealing shopping environment for customers. He also needs to address any maintenance issues promptly, such as repairing equipment or fixtures. Moreover, Bill must take necessary security measures, such as installing surveillance cameras, maintaining alarm systems, and ensuring the safety of the store premises and its contents.
Efficiently managing these tasks along with the previously mentioned responsibilities allows Bill to ensure smooth store operations, enhance customer satisfaction, maximize sales, and effectively handle the various aspects of running a convenience store as a sole trader.
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The cosy Corner Convenience Store is owned and managed by Bill Murray. It is a sole trader business. Bill has no employees. He works a long day -12 hours usually. As he works alone in the business he has to do all the jobs which are involved in running a busy convenience store. Here is a list of just six of his tasks: ordering new stock, serving customers, going to the bank to pay in cash - he does this on Wednesday afternoons when the shop is closed, arranging shelf displays, keeping all the paperwork up to date, for example to make sure suppliers are paid on time, contacting the local newspaper to arrange an advertisement for the shop. Read the case study above. List three other tasks that you think Bill has to do in order to run Cosy Corner efficiently.
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"Using gender-inclusive language means speaking and writing in a way that does not discriminate against a particular sex, social gender or gender identity, and that does not perpetuate gender stereotypes. However, often opponents of gender-neutral language argue that the proponents of gender-neutral language are impinging on the right of free speech and expression and that these new language policies might promote censorship." Write 200 words
Gender-inclusive language refers to speaking and writing in a way that does not discriminate against any particular sex, social gender, or gender identity. It is a way of avoiding gender stereotypes that may be harmful or unfair.
Gender-inclusive language is an important aspect of creating an inclusive society that values all individuals, regardless of their gender. This means that we must avoid using language that reinforces gender stereotypes or excludes individuals based on their gender identity. Instead, we should use gender-neutral terms that are inclusive of everyone.
using gender-inclusive language is an important aspect of creating a more inclusive and equitable society. It does not impinge on the right of free speech and expression, nor does it promote censorship. Instead, it promotes equality, respect, and understanding for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity. Therefore, it is important that we all make an effort to use gender-inclusive language in our daily lives.
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To achieve desired quality there will be cost spent by organizations, this cost can be determined as it is when??
To achieve desired quality there will be cost spent by organizations, this cost can be determined as it is when they perform quality control.
Quality control is an aspect of the production process that is concerned with ensuring that goods and services meet customer requirements. It is the process of identifying defects or problems in the product and correcting them before they are shipped to the customer.Quality control is essential for organizations that want to produce goods and services that meet or exceed customer expectations.
To achieve this, organizations need to spend money on the tools and processes needed to perform quality control, including quality control training, quality control testing equipment, and quality control inspections. By spending money on quality control, organizations can reduce the cost of defects and rework, which can ultimately lead to greater customer satisfaction and increased profits.
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Capital budgeting Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? Select one or more alternatives: Net profit, changes in operating working capital and capital expenditures are the three main components making up free cash flow. When calculating the NPV of a project, we should take into account all incremental cash flows associated with the project. If the cost of capital estimate is higher than the IRR, the NPV will be negative. If a car manufacturing company brings a new car model to market and sales of the old model suffer as a result, this is an example of auxiliary sales.
Net profit, changes in operating working capital, and capital expenditures are the three main components making up free cash flow. (True)
When calculating the NPV of a project, we should take into account all incremental cash flows associated with the project. (True)
If the cost of capital estimate is higher than the IRR, the NPV will be negative. (True)
If a car manufacturing company brings a new car model to market and sales of the old model suffer as a result, this is an example of auxiliary sales. (False)
Capital budgeting is the process of allocating resources for long-term investment decisions. It involves analyzing a firm's potential capital expenditures and investments to determine which ones will generate the most revenue or benefits for the company.
Here are the corrected statements regarding capital budgeting:
False: Net profit, changes in operating working capital, and capital expenditures are the three main components making up free cash flow.
Correction: This statement is true. Free cash flow (FCF) is calculated by subtracting capital expenditures from operating cash flows. FCF equals net income plus non-cash expenses minus increases in working capital minus capital expenditures.
False: When calculating the NPV of a project, we should take into account all incremental cash flows associated with the project.
Correction: This statement is true. Net Present Value (NPV) is calculated by considering all relevant cash flows. The formula for calculating NPV includes the present value of future cash flows and the initial investment.
False: If the cost of capital estimate is higher than the IRR, the NPV will be negative.
Correction: This statement is true. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is compared to the cost of capital to determine project acceptability. If the IRR is less than the cost of capital, the NPV will be negative, indicating an unacceptable investment.
False: If a car manufacturing company brings a new car model to market and sales of the old model suffer as a result, this is an example of auxiliary sales.
Correction: This statement is false. It is not an example of auxiliary sales but rather a cannibalization effect. The cannibalization effect occurs when a new product or service reduces sales of an existing product or service provided by the same company. The loss of revenue caused by cannibalization should be considered when estimating project cash flows.
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Your start-up company needs capital. Right now, you own 100% of the firm with 10.1 million shares. You have received two offers from venture capitalists. The first offers to invest $2.92 million for 1.06 million new shares. The second offers $2.04 million for 473,000 new shares. a. What is the first offer's post-money valuation of the firm? b. What is the second offer's post-money valuation of the firm? c. What is the difference in the percentage dilution caused by each offer? d. What is the dilution per dollar invested for each offer? a. What is the first offer's post-money valuation of the firm? The post-money valuation will be $ (Round to the nearest dollar.) b. What is the second offer's post-money valuation of the firm? The post-money valuation will be $ . (Round to the nearest dollar.) c. What is the difference in the percentage dilution caused by each offer? Offer 1 dilution will be (Round to three decimal places.) Offer 2 dilution will be . (Round to three decimal places.) The difference in dilution will be (Round to three decimal places.)
a. The first offer's post-money valuation of the firm is $2.92 million.
To calculate the post-money valuation, we need to add the investment amount to the pre-money valuation. In this case, the investment amount is $2.92 million. Since the venture capitalist is receiving 1.06 million new shares for this investment, we can calculate the price per share as $2.92 million divided by 1.06 million, which equals $2.75 per share.
Therefore, the pre-money valuation is the total value of the existing shares, which is 10.1 million shares multiplied by $2.75 per share, resulting in $27.775 million. Adding the investment amount, the post-money valuation is $27.775 million + $2.92 million = $30.695 million.
b. The second offer's post-money valuation of the firm is $2.04 million.
Similarly, we can calculate the price per share for the second offer by dividing the investment amount of $2.04 million by 473,000 new shares, resulting in $4.32 per share.
The pre-money valuation is the total value of the existing shares, which is 10.1 million shares multiplied by $4.32 per share, resulting in $43.632 million. Adding the investment amount, the post-money valuation is $43.632 million + $2.04 million = $45.672 million.
c. The difference in the percentage dilution caused by each offer is:
Offer 1 dilution: (1.06 million new shares / (10.1 million existing shares + 1.06 million new shares)) * 100 = 9.5%
Offer 2 dilution: (473,000 new shares / (10.1 million existing shares + 473,000 new shares)) * 100 = 4.5%
The difference in dilution is 9.5% - 4.5% = 5%.
d. The dilution per dollar invested for each offer is:
Offer 1 dilution per dollar invested: 1.06 million new shares / $2.92 million = 0.363 shares per dollar
Offer 2 dilution per dollar invested: 473,000 new shares / $2.04 million = 0.232 shares per dollar
a. The first offer's post-money valuation of the firm is $30.695 million.
b. The second offer's post-money valuation of the firm is $45.672 million.
c. The difference in the percentage dilution caused by each offer is 5%.
d. The dilution per dollar invested for the first offer is 0.363 shares per dollar, and for the second offer is 0.232 shares per dollar.
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the customer decided to purchase the maintenance agreement which entitles them to any improvements or error corrections that have been made to the initial license over the course of 12 months. This is not a required purchase with the license and is something the customer opted to buy. The charge for the maintenance agreement will be a separate charge to the customer. Adobe has confirmed that any improvements or corrections to the software over the course of the maintenance contract will be shipped to them in the form of tangible storage media. Is the sales of the maintenance a taxable transaction and why or why not? And is there any variation to the rate?
Yes, the sales of the maintenance is a taxable transaction. A maintenance agreement that provides any improvements or error corrections that have been made to the initial license over the course of 12 months is a taxable transaction, and the charge for the maintenance agreement will be a separate charge to the customer.
The sales tax will apply to the total amount of the sale, including the price of the software and the price of the maintenance agreement. It is because the maintenance agreement is considered a taxable service, which adds value to the software. If the customer chooses to buy a maintenance agreement at the time of purchase, the entire transaction is subject to sales tax.
In general, the sales tax rate varies by state, so it is important to check the regulations in your state. In addition, sales tax rates may vary depending on the type of product or service being sold and whether the purchase is made in person or online.
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9) What is the PV of a eight-period annual annuity of $6,000 if the interest rate per period is 3% and the first payment is made today?
a. $41,441.21
b. $27,145.49
c. $12,112.05
d. $43,381.70
The present value (PV) of the eight-period annual annuity of $6,000, with an interest rate per period of 3%, and the first payment made today, is approximately $41,441.21.
To calculate the PV of the annuity, we can use the present value of an ordinary annuity formula:
PV = PMT * [1 - (1 + r)^(-n)] / r
Where PV is the present value, PMT is the payment amount, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.
Given:
PMT = $6,000
r = 3% per year = 0.03 per period
n = 8 periods
Plugging in these values, we have:
PV = $6,000 * [1 - (1 + 0.03)^(-8)] / 0.03
Solving for PV, we find:
PV ≈ $41,441.21
Therefore, the PV of the eight-period annual annuity of $6,000 is approximately $41,441.21.
The present value of the annuity can be used to determine the current worth of future cash flows. In this case, the PV of the eight-period annual annuity of $6,000, with an interest rate of 3% per period and the first payment made today, is approximately $41,441.21. This represents the amount that would be needed today to have the equivalent value of the annuity's future cash flows.
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PS-10A. Journal Entries for Accounts and Notes Receivable Philly, Inc., began business on January 1. Certain for the year follow: LO2, 4 8 Received a $15,000, 60 day, nine percent note on account from J. Albert. 7 Received payment from J. Albert on his note (principal plus interest). June Aug. Sept. 1 Received a $40,000, 120 day, six percent note from R.T. Matthews Company on account. Dec. 16 Received a $28,800, 45 day, ten percent note from D. LeRoy on account. 30 R.T. Matthews Company failed to pay its note. 31 Wrote off R.T. Matthews' account as uncollectible. Philly's, Inc., uses the allowance method of providing for credit losses. 31 Recorded expected credit losses for the year by an adjusting entry. Accounts written off during this first year have created a debit balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts of $45,200. An analysis of aged receivables indicates that the desired balance of the allowance account should be $42,000. 31 Made the appropriate adjusting entries for interest. Required Record the foregoing transactions and adjustments in general journal form. MBC
Journal entries for accounts and notes receivable: Philly, Inc., began business on January 1. Transactions for the year follow:
Jan. 8 Received a $15,000, 60-day, nine percent note on account from J. Albert.
Jan. 8Account Receivable= $15,000Notes Receivable=$15,000
Feb. 7 Received payment from J. Albert on his note (principal plus interest)
Feb. 7Cash = $15,225 Note Receivable= $15,000Interest Revenue= $225
Jun. 1 Received a $40,000, 120-day, six percent note from R.T. Matthews Company on the account.
Jun. 1 Account Receivable= $40,000Notes Receivable= $40,000
Aug. 16 Interest Income= $2000 [(40,000*6%/12)*4]Notes Receivable= $40,000Interest Receivable= $2,000
Sept. 1Interest Received= $2,000Interest Receivable= $2,000
Sept. 16Interest Income= $400 [(28,800*10%/360)*106]Notes Receivable= $28,800Interest Receivable= $400
Dec. 16Received a $28,800, 45-day, ten percent note from D. Le Roy on the account.
Dec. 16Account Receivable= $28,800 Notes Receivable= $28,800
Dec. 31 wrote off R.T. Matthews' account as uncollectible.
Dec. 31Allowance for Doubtful Accounts= $40,000Accounts Receivable= $40,000Dec. 31Recorded expected credit losses for the year by an adjusting entry.
Dec. 31Bad Debt Expense= $3,200Allowance for Doubtful Accounts= $3,200
Accounts written off during this first year have created a debit balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts $45,200.
An analysis of aged receivables indicates that the desired balance of the allowance account should be $42,000.
Dec. 31Allowance for Doubtful Accounts= $3,200[45,200 (Actual balance) - 42,000 (Desired balance)]The adjusting entry reduces the actual balance to the desired balance.
Dec. 31Made the appropriate adjusting entries for interest.
Dec. 31Interest Receivable= $1,500 [$28,800*10%/360*30]Interest Income= $1,500
Therefore, The appropriate adjusting entry recognizes the interest earned but not collected.
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A Requiring Authority can impact property managers and developers in the following way: Select one: a. Issuing a designation for a public work on private land O b. Approval of Building Consents for minor works O C. The signoff of Building Warrants of Fitness O d. The signoff of Unit Title plans Oe. Granting leases in retail premises.
A Requiring Authority can impact property managers and developers by issuing a designation for a public work on private land.
A Requiring Authority plays a crucial role in the development process and can have a significant impact on property managers and developers. One way they can exert their influence is by issuing a designation for a public work on private land. This means that they have the authority to designate certain private land for public infrastructure projects such as roads, utilities, or public facilities.
The Requiring Authority's issuance of a designation can affect property managers and developers in various ways. Firstly, it may limit the use and development potential of the affected land, as certain activities may be restricted or prohibited to accommodate the designated public work. This can impact property values and the profitability of development projects.
Furthermore, the Requiring Authority's designation may trigger negotiations and agreements between the authority, property owners, and developers regarding compensation, easements, or other arrangements related to the use of the private land for public purposes. These negotiations can involve discussions on financial considerations, timing, and the responsibilities of each party involved.
In summary, a Requiring Authority's issuance of a designation for a public work on private land can have significant implications for property managers and developers. It can restrict land use, require collaboration with the authority, and trigger negotiations for compensation and other arrangements.
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FurniturePlus Ltd is a large homeware retailer with five stores throughout Auckland. It has recently learnt that IKEA is planning to open its first store in New Zealand and this has the executive management team worried. The executives have just returned from a trip to Europe where they visited some IKEA stores to get a better sense of what they are dealing with. They noticed that many IKEA stores have a hotdog stand which sells cheap hotdogs and seems to attract a lot of customers to the store. The executives want to try something similar in New Zealand. However, knowing that hotdogs are less popular in New Zealand, they opt to install pie stalls at their five Auckland stores instead. They want to carry out a net present value (NPV) analysis to decide whether to go ahead with the project. The following details are available on the proposed project which has a time horizon of three years: - The cost of the executives' trip to Europe was $45,000. - The total capital expenditure related to the pie stands is $825,000 and is payable immediately. - The stand and equipment can be depreciated on a straight line basis, resulting in a depreciation expense of $275,000 per year over years 1 to 3. - FurniturePlus expects pie sales to generate revenue of $420,000 in year 1,$450,000 in year 2 and $500,000 in year 3. - FurniturePlus estimates that cash costs and expenses directly related to this project will be 60% of the total revenue generated by pie sales. - In addition to the pie sales mentioned above, FurniturePlus expects that having the pie stands will allow it to retain $250,000 of normal store sales per year that it would otherwise have lost to IKEA. Assume COGS and operating costs are unaffected. - Due to required food ingredients, FurniturePlus expects its inventory to increase by $175,000 in yea 0 . This will be recovered at the end of year 3 and no further effect on operating working capital is expected. - The corporate tax rate is 28%. - The corporate tax rate is 28%. Use the information above to answer the questions below. (a) Depreciation when carrying out a NPV analysis of the project because (b) Operating working capital will initially and this is treated as in the NPV analysis. (c) The $250,000 of retained normal store sales per year should be he NPV analysis becaus (d) The travel expenses related to the executives' trip to Europe should be the NPV analysis because they (e) The cash flow from operations (CFO) in year 3 is $ Note: Please provide your answer as an integer without commas in the format of xxxxxx (for example, if the answer is $123,456.00, type in 123456).
(a) Depreciation when carrying out an NPV analysis of the project because depreciation is a non-cash expense, and it helps in reducing the company's taxable income. Depreciation expense affects the cash flows of the company.
(b) Operating working capital will initially increase by $175,000 in year 0, and this is treated as an outflow in the NPV analysis.
(c) The $250,000 of retained normal store sales per year should be added to the NPV analysis because it is an incremental cash flow.
(d) The travel expenses related to the executives' trip to Europe should be excluded from the NPV analysis because they are a sunk cost.
(e) The cash flow from operations (CFO) in year 3 is $240,000.
We know that ,
Depreciation: Yearly Depreciation Expense = (Initial Investment - Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Yearly Depreciation Expense = ($825,000 - $0) / 3 = $275,000
Year 0: The initial investment of $825,000 and an increase in working capital of $175,000
Year 1: Revenue = $420,000,
Costs and expenses = 60% of revenue + Depreciation costs + $175,000 of working capital expenses= (60% x $420,000) + $275,000 + $175,000 = $532,000
Year 2:Revenue = $450,000Costs and expenses = 60% of revenue + Depreciation costs= (60% x $450,000) + $275,000 = $502,000
Year 3:Revenue = $500,000Costs and expenses = 60% of revenue + Depreciation costs= (60% x $500,000) + $275,000 = $475,000
NPV:
Year 0: -$1,000,000 = -$825,000 - $175,000, Year 1: -$199,918 = (-$532,000 / (1 + 0.1)^1),Year 2: $83,346 = ($502,000 / (1 + 0.1)^2), Year 3: $219,749 = ($240,000 + $475,000 / (1 + 0.1)^3)NPV = $102,177
Therefore, the answer is $102177.
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which of the following accounting items is unique in
that it appears on both the balance sheet and the income
statement?
The answer is "Retained Earnings." Retained Earnings is the accounting item that appears on both the balance sheet and the income statement, representing cumulative earnings retained and reinvested in the business.
Retained Earnings is the accounting item that appears on both the balance sheet and the income statement. On the balance sheet, Retained Earnings represents the cumulative earnings or profits of a company that have been retained and reinvested into the business rather than distributed to shareholders as dividends. It is reported as a component of shareholders' equity. On the income statement, Retained Earnings appears as an adjustment to the net income or net loss of the company. It reflects the portion of the company's profits that are retained rather than distributed as dividends to shareholders. The Retained Earnings figure from the prior period is added to the net income or subtracted from the net loss to arrive at the current period's Retained Earnings balance. Therefore, Retained Earnings serves as a link between the balance sheet and the income statement, connecting the company's past earnings with its current financial position.
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A company is currently selling 785 units per month at $31. Variable costs per unit are $6. Fixed expenses are $1085 per month. The marketing manager believes that an $200 increase in the monthly advertising budget would result in a 149 unit increase in monthly sales What should be the overall effect in dollars on the company's monthly net operating income of this change? Round ONLY your final answer to 2 decimal places. Do not round intermediate computations. State decreases as negative. If L Corp. had operating leverage of 0.37, what would be the increase in Net Income from a 0.25% increase in Sales? Do not round intermediate computations. Round ONLY your final answer to 2 decimal places. Submit as a %. So .02 would be 2%
Selling units = 785 units/month Selling price = $31/ unit; Variable cost per unit = $6Fixed expenses = $1085/monthIncrease in monthly advertising budget = $200; Increase in monthly sales = 149 units/month
Calculations: Contribution margin per unit= Selling price - Variable cost per unit= $31 - $6= $25Contribution margin ratio= Contribution margin per unit / Selling price= $25 / $31= 0.8064 or 80.64%Net operating income (NOI)= Total revenue - Total variable cost - Fixed expenses= (Selling units × Selling price) - (Selling units × Variable cost per unit) - Fixed expenses= (785 × $31) - (785 × $6) - $1085= $2437.Now, with the given data, we can calculate the new sales revenue with an increase in the monthly advertising budget of $200.New selling units= 785 + 149= 934 units/month. New sales revenue= New selling units × Selling price= 934 × $31= $28,934New NOI= Total revenue - Total variable cost - Fixed expenses= (New selling units × Selling price) - (New selling units × Variable cost per unit) - Fixed expenses= ($28,934) - ($5604) - $1085= $21,245; Increase in NOI= New NOI - Original NOI= $21,245 - $2437= $18,808.The increase in NOI from a 0.25% increase in sales would be = (Increase in NOI / Original NOI) × Degree of operating leverage (DOL)NOI at a 0.25% increase in sales= 0.25% of $28,934= $72.34; Increase in NOI= $72.34 - $21,245= -$21,172.66; DOL= Contribution margin per unit / Net operating income= $25 / $2437= 0.01025; Increase in NOI from a 0.25% increase in sales= (Increase in NOI / Original NOI) × DOL= ($21,172.66 / $2437) × 0.01025= 0.0883 or 8.83% (approx)Therefore, the increase in NOI from a 0.25% increase in sales would be 8.83%.
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1-A sunk cost is defined as the most valuable alternative that is given up if a particular investment is undertaken.
Group starts True or False
2- Depreciation (CCA) tax shield is defined as the tax saving that results from the CCA deduction, calculated as depreciation multiplied by the corporate tax rate.
Group starts True or False
3- In Canada, depreciation for tax purposes is called ___________.
Multiple Choice
Depreciation for tax purposes.
Modified accelerated cost recovery.
Capital cost allowance.
Decelerated appreciation.
Accelerated depreciation.
4- Opportunity cost is defined as a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be removed and therefore should not be considered in an investment decision.
Group starts True or False
1- False. A sunk cost is not defined as the most valuable alternative that is given up if a particular investment is undertaken.
2- True. The Depreciation (CCA) tax shield is indeed defined as the tax saving resulting from the CCA deduction, calculated as depreciation multiplied by the corporate tax rate.
3- Capital cost allowance. In Canada, depreciation for tax purposes is referred to as capital cost allowance.
4- False. Opportunity cost is not a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be removed. It refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a decision.
1- A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. It is independent of future decisions and should not be considered in investment decisions.
2- The Depreciation (CCA) tax shield refers to the tax benefit received due to the deduction of depreciation expenses. It is calculated by multiplying the depreciation amount by the corporate tax rate.
3- In Canada, the term used for depreciation for tax purposes is "Capital Cost Allowance" (CCA). It represents the deduction allowed for the wear and tear, obsolescence, or depreciation of capital assets.
4- Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when choosing one option over another. It is a crucial factor in decision-making and should be considered when evaluating the potential benefits and drawbacks of different choices.
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Corporation H’s auditors prepared the following reconciliation between book and taxable income. H’s tax rate is 21 percent. Net income before tax $ 634,000 Permanent book/tax differences 32,000 Temporary book/tax differences (93,000) Taxable income $ 573,000 Required: Compute Corporation H’s tax expense for financial statement purposes. Compute Corporation H’s tax payable. Compute the net increase in Corporation H’s deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities (identify which) for the year.
The tax expense for financial statement purposes is $120,330. The tax payable is also $120,330. The net increase in Corporation H's deferred tax assets for the year is $93,000.
To compute Corporation H's tax expense for financial statement purposes, we need to calculate the tax liability based on the taxable income and the applicable tax rate. The taxable income is given as $573,000 and the tax rate is 21 percent. Therefore, the tax expense for financial statement purposes is calculated as:
Tax expense = Taxable income * Tax rate
Tax expense = $573,000 * 0.21
Tax expense = $120,330
To compute Corporation H's tax payable, we need to apply the tax rate to the taxable income. The tax payable is calculated as:
Tax payable = Taxable income * Tax rate
Tax payable = $573,000 * 0.21
Tax payable = $120,330
The net increase in Corporation H's deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities can be determined by analyzing the temporary book/tax differences. Temporary differences arise when the recognition of revenues or expenses differs for tax purposes and financial statement purposes, and they reverse over time. In this case, the temporary book/tax differences amount to -$93,000.
Since the temporary differences have reduced taxable income, resulting in lower taxes paid currently, they create a deferred tax asset. The deferred tax asset will be recorded on the balance sheet, representing the expected tax benefits to be realized in the future.
Therefore, the net increase in Corporation H's deferred tax assets for the year is $93,000.
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he problem requires you to use File CO3 on the computer problem spreadsheet. Diction ablishing estimates that it needs 5500,000 to support its expected growth. The underwriting as charged by the imvestment banking firm for which you work are 6.5% for such issue sizes. addition, it is estimated that Diction will incur $4,900 in other expenses relared to the IPO. a. If your analysis indicates that Diction's stock can be sold for $40 per share, how many shares must be issued to net the company the $500,000 it needs? b. Suppose that Diction's investment banker charges 10% rather than 6.5%. Assuming that all other information given earlier is the same, how many shares must Diction issue in this situation to net the company the 5500,000 it needs? c. Suppose that Diction's investment banker charges 8.2% rather than 6.5%. Assaming that all other information given earlier is the same, how many shares must Diction issue in this situation to met the company the $500,000 it needs? d. Suppose everything is the same as originally presented, except Diction will incur $5,835 in other expenses rather than $4,900. In this situation, how many shares must Diction issue to net the company the $500,000 it needs? e. Now suppose that Diction decides it only needs $450,000 to support its growth. In this case, its investment banker charges 7% flotation costs, and Diction will incur only $3,840 in other expense. How many shares must Diction issue to net the company the $450,000 it needs? f. Suppose the scenario presented in part (c) exists, except the price of Diction's stock is $32 per share. How many shares must Diction issue to net the company the $450,000 it needs?
Number of Shares = $490,841.59 / $32 = 15,338.17 (approximately 15,338 shares .in this case, Diction must issue approximately 15,338 shares.
To calculate the number of shares Diction must issue to net the required amount, we need to consider the underwriting fees, other expenses, and the desired net amount for each scenario. a. Given that Diction's stock can be sold for $40 per share, and they need to net $500,000, we can calculate the total amount needed before fees and expenses:
Total Amount Needed = Desired Net Amount / (1 - Underwriting Fee)
Total Amount Needed = $500,000 / (1 - 0.065) = $500,000 / 0.935 = $534,759.36
To calculate the number of shares, we divide the total amount needed by the stock price:
Number of Shares = Total Amount Needed / Stock Price
Number of Shares = $534,759.36 / $40 = 13,368.98
Therefore, Diction must issue approximately 13,369 shares.
b. If the investment banker charges 10% underwriting fee, we use the same to calculate the total amount needed:
Total Amount Needed = $550,000 / (1 - 0.1) = $550,000 / 0.9 = $611,111.11
Number of Shares = $611,111.11 / $40 = 15,277.78 (approximately 15,278 shares)
c. If the investment banker charges 8.2% underwriting fee:
Total Amount Needed = $550,000 / (1 - 0.082) = $550,000 / 0.918 = $599,563.32
Number of Shares = $599,563.32 / $40 = 14,989.08 (approximately 14,989 shares)
d. If other expenses increase to $5,835:
Total Amount Needed = $550,000 / (1 - 0.065) + $5,835 = $534,759.36 + $5,835 = $540,594.36
Number of Shares = $540,594.36 / $40 = 13,514.86 (approximately 13,515 shares)
e. If Diction only needs $450,000 and incurs 7% flotation costs and $3,840 in other expenses:
Total Amount Needed = $450,000 / (1 - 0.07) + $3,840 = $450,000 / 0.93 + $3,840 = $483,870.97 + $3,840 = $487,710.97
Number of Shares = $487,710.97 / $40 = 12,193.77 (approximately 12,194 shares)
f. If the price of Diction's stock is $32 per share in scenario (c):
Total Amount Needed = $450,000 / (1 - 0.082) = $450,000 / 0.918 = $490,841.59
Number of Shares = $490,841.59 / $32 = 15,338.17 (approximately 15,338 shares)
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You want to buy a car, and a local bank will lend you $20,000. The loan will be fully amortized over 5 years ( 60 months), and the nominal interest rate will be 8% with interest paid monthly. Wha will be the monthly loan payment? What will be the loan's EAR? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer for the monthly loan payment to the nearest cent and for EAR to two decimal places. Monthly loan payment: $ EAR: %
The fully amortized loan of $20,000, to be repaid over five years at a nominal interest rate of 8%, has a monthly payment of $406.72. The loan's effective annual rate (EAR) is 8.33%.
An amortized loan is where the loan payments are paid over a specific time, usually in equal amounts. The monthly payment is calculated using the annuity formula and the effective annual rate (EAR) for the loan. In this case, we have a fully amortized loan of $20,000 to be repaid over five years (60 months) at a nominal interest rate of 8%, with interest being paid monthly.The formula for calculating the monthly payment for a loan is as follows:Monthly Payment = (P * i * (1 + i)n) / ((1 + i)n - 1), Where, P = Principal amount of the loan, i = monthly interest rate, n = number of paymentsFor this loan, the principal amount is $20,000, the monthly interest rate is 8%/12 = 0.00667, and the number of payments is 60. Substituting these values into the formula, we get: Monthly Payment = (20,000 * 0.00667 * (1 + 0.00667)60) / ((1 + 0.00667)60 - 1) = $406.72 (rounded to the nearest cent). Therefore, the monthly loan payment is $406.72. To calculate the EAR, we need to use the following formula: EAR = (1 + (i / m))m - 1, Where, i = nominal annual interest rate, m = a number of compounding periods per year. For this loan, the nominal annual interest rate is 8%, and interest is compounded monthly. Therefore, the number of compounding periods per year is 12. Substituting these values into the formula, we get EAR = (1 + (0.08 / 12))12 - 1 = 0.0833 or 8.33% (rounded to two decimal places). Therefore, the loan's EAR is 8.33%.For more questions on effective annual rate (EAR)
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Ilves Pty Ltd is preparing its September quarter cash budget. Sales are collected over three consecutive months, including the month the sale occurs, while sales commissions are paid to sales staff based on a percentage of the previous month's sales revenue. Sales data from which months will not be relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions? May, June and October;
June and September ;
June and October;
May and September;
May and June
Ilves Pty Ltd is preparing its September quarter cash budget. Sales are collected over three consecutive months, including the month the sale occurs, while sales commissions are paid to sales staff based on a percentage of the previous month's sales revenue.
Sales data from which months will not be relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions?The sales data from October will not be relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions. Hence, the correct option is : June and October.Commission payments are based on the sales revenue of the previous month. The commission payments for the September quarter cash budget of Ilves Pty Ltd are to be calculated based on the sales revenue of July, August, and September.In other words, commission payments for sales of October, November, and December are not relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions. As a result, sales data from October is not relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions.
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You are saving money to buy a car. If you save $320 per month starting one month from now at an inferest rate of 9%, how much will you be able to spend on the car after saving for 5 years? A. $24,136 B. $28,963 C. 514,481 D. 533,790
The correct answer is B.
To calculate the total amount you will be able to spend on the car after saving for 5 years, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = the final amount after n years
P = the initial deposit or monthly savings amount ($320 in this case)
r = the annual interest rate (9% in this case)
n = the number of times the interest is compounded per year (assuming monthly savings, n = 12)
t = the number of years (5 in this case)
Plugging in the values, we have:
A = 320(1 + 0.09/12)^(12*5)
Calculating this expression, we get:
A ≈ $28,963
Therefore, you will be able to spend approximately $28,963 on the car after saving for 5 years. So, the correct answer is B.
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We are evaluating a project that costs $925,000, has a nine-year life, and a salvage value of $115,000. Assume a straight-line depreciation over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 55,000 units per year, price per unit is $63, variable costs per unit is $37, and fixed costs are $850,000 a year. The tax rate is 21% and we require a return of 10% on this project. Required (a) Calculate the accounting break-even point. (5 marks) (b) Calculate the financial break-even point. (10 marks) (c) Calculate the base-case cash flow and NPV. What is the sensitivity of NPV to changes in the sales figure? Explain what your answer tells you about a 500-unit increase in projected sales. (20 marks) (d) What is the sensitivity of OCF to changes in the variable cost figure? Explain what your answer tells you about a $1 decrease in estimated variable costs. (10 marks) (e) Suppose the projections given in price, quantity, sales figure, and fixed and variable costs, are all accurate within ± 10%. Calculate the best-case and worst-case NPV figures.
The accounting break-even point is 32,693 units with a selling price of $63 and variable cost of $37 per unit. The financial break-even point is 23,333 units, and the base-case NPV is $398,098 with a cash flow of $662,850 per year.
The best-case NPV is $482,311, and the worst-case NPV is $315,884.
(a) Accounting break-even point: The accounting break-even point is calculated as 32,693 units, where sales revenue equals total expenses, considering a selling price per unit of $63 and variable cost per unit of $37.
(b) Financial break-even point: The financial break-even point is determined as 23,333 units, where the net present value (NPV) becomes zero, considering fixed costs, depreciation, price, variable cost, tax rate, and other factors.
(c) Base-case cash flow and NPV: The base-case cash flow is $662,850 per year, and the NPV is calculated as $398,098, considering initial investment, salvage value, cost of capital, tax rate, and year-end cash flows.
(d) Sensitivity of OCF to changes in variable cost: A $1 decrease in variable costs leads to a 10.14% increase in the operating cash flow (OCF).
(e) Best-case and worst-case NPV figures: In the best-case scenario, the NPV is calculated as $482,311, while in the worst-case scenario, it is determined as $315,884, considering variations in price, quantity, sales figures, and fixed and variable costs within ± 10%.
Therefore, the best-case NPV is $482,311 and the worst-case NPV is $315,884.
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Sarah is a driver for City Delivery Company. She carelessly leaves the truck's motor running whil making a delivery. The transmission engages and the truck crashes into the nearby Gas Guzzler gas station pump, igniting a fire and spreading quickly to a construction site a block away. A burned wall collapses onto a crane, which falls on, and injures, a bystander, Carol. The issue is, "To whom is Saral liable?" Please answer this question with respect to the following individuals, supporting your answer with an analysis of the required elements to prove negligence, being sure to include the concept of foreseeability in your answers. Please use the instructions provided in the introductory comments to Part 2 in preparing your answers to the following questions.
Sarah is liable for the damages and injuries that were caused by her carelessness while driving the City Delivery Company's truck. Her negligence caused a series of events that led to a major accident at the gas station and the construction site a block away.
This resulted in igniting a fire that quickly spread to the construction site a block away. The collapse of the burned wall onto the crane injured the bystander, Carol. To prove negligence, it is important to establish four elements which are- Duty of Care: Sarah owed a duty of care to other people while driving the truck.
Breach of Duty: By leaving the truck's motor running while making the delivery, Sarah breached her duty of care. Causation: It was Sarah's breach of duty that led to the accident that caused damage and injuries to the property and people.
Foreseeability: The harm caused by Sarah's negligence was foreseeable. In this case, Sarah breached the duty of care that she owed to the people, which led to the accident causing damage and injuries. The harm caused by Sarah's negligence was foreseeable since leaving the truck's motor running can lead to a mishap.
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