Instructions: After you have watched the film
"Out of This Furnace" summarize the key
focuses and themes of this film.

Psychoanalytical theory emphasizes unconscious desires, while cognitive theory focuses on conscious mental processes, but both recognize the role of internal mental processes in shaping behavior.

Freud's psychoanalytical theory and cognitive theory differ in their approach to understanding human behavior and mental processes. Freud's psychoanalytical theory emphasizes the unconscious mind, the influence of early childhood experiences, and the role of unconscious desires and conflicts in shaping behavior. On the other hand, cognitive theory focuses on conscious mental processes, such as perception, memory, thinking, and problem-solving, and how these processes influence behavior.

Despite their differences, Freud's psychoanalytical theory and cognitive theory also share some commonalities. Both theories recognize the importance of internal mental processes in shaping behavior. While Freud emphasizes unconscious desires and conflicts, cognitive theory emphasizes conscious cognitive processes. Both theories also acknowledge the role of past experiences in influencing present behavior and the influence of individual differences on mental processes and behavior.

Furthermore, both theories recognize the significance of the mind in understanding behavior and mental processes. Freud's psychoanalytical theory suggests that the mind consists of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels, while cognitive theory explores the organization and functioning of cognitive processes within the mind.

Hence, while Freud's psychoanalytical theory and cognitive theory differ in their primary focus and approach, they converge in acknowledging the role of internal mental processes and past experiences in shaping behavior and understanding the complexities of the human mind.

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Rawls' imaginary hypothetical situation called the Original Position is set up to determine what principles of justice should guide a democratic society.

It features a veil of ignorance because people behind the veil do not know anything about themselves specifically, such as their race, sex, or social class. They only know general facts about science, math, philosophy, political theory, economics, and so on. This ignorance is deliberate since it encourages people to think objectively about what is fair and just, and what principles should apply to all, regardless of specific identities or circumstances.

Rawls set up the Original Position in this way because he believes that if people do not know anything about their social position or other characteristics that might give them advantages or disadvantages in life, they will choose principles of justice that apply equally to everyone. The veil of ignorance encourages people to think about what is fair and just, and what principles should apply to all, regardless of specific identities or circumstances. This hypothetical situation is supposed to help us, real people, by encouraging us to think about what principles of justice we would choose if we did not know anything about our specific identities or circumstances.

If I were in the Original Position, I would choose the following basic principles of justice for my democratic society:

1. Equal political rights and liberties: Every citizen should have the same political rights and liberties, including freedom of speech, assembly, and religion.

2. Fair distribution of wealth and economic opportunities: The benefits of economic growth should be distributed fairly, with the government providing assistance to those in need.

3. Equal access to education and training: Every citizen should have access to high-quality education and training, regardless of their social position or other characteristics.

4. Protection of individual rights: The government should protect individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech and assembly, privacy, and due process of law.

5. Equality of opportunity: Every citizen should have an equal opportunity to succeed, regardless of their social position or other characteristics.

These principles of justice would create a society where everyone has an equal chance to succeed, and where the government works to ensure that everyone has access to the resources they need to live a fulfilling life.

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According to humanistic psychology, the statement made by Andrea that if Colt actually loved her, he would do the dishes would be a condition of worth. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

This implies that she is setting a requirement for Colt to show his love for her, and this requirement is based on his behavior of doing the dishes. Condition of worth refers to the belief that one is only valued or loved if they meet certain conditions or criteria as defined by others or themselves, in this case, the condition being that Colt should do the dishes to prove his love for Andrea. It can be harmful to one's self-esteem and well-being as it can create anxiety and fear of not being loved or accepted if they don't meet these conditions. Therefore, a person should not be valued only based on their behavior or actions, but for who they are as a person.

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that focuses on the potential of individuals to grow and develop, emphasizing their free will and personal responsibility. It is concerned with the uniqueness and worth of every individual and how they perceive themselves in relation to others. This perspective believes that people have inherent worth and goodness, and that they are capable of making choices that can lead to their personal growth and self-actualization. It emphasizes the importance of empathy, understanding, and acceptance in relationships, especially in therapeutic relationships.

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Vital material needs are the basic needs that must be met for the survival and wellbeing of humans and other organisms. These needs include food, water, shelter, clothing, and healthcare. According to the ethics of Deep Ecology, meeting these vital material needs is important for the survival and flourishing of all life on Earth.

It is considered an ethical imperative to ensure that these needs are met for all beings, not just humans. The ethics of Deep Ecology is a philosophy that emphasizes the intrinsic value of all living beings, regardless of their usefulness to humans.

It recognizes that humans are just one part of a larger interconnected system of life on Earth. This philosophy seeks to promote a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world.

The importance of vital material needs to the ethics of Deep Ecology can be seen in the belief that the well-being of humans is closely linked to the well-being of the planet as a whole. By ensuring that the basic needs of all beings are met, humans can help to preserve the natural systems that sustain life on Earth.

This includes not only meeting the needs of humans, but also the needs of other living beings, including animals, plants, and ecosystems. Overall, the ethics of Deep Ecology emphasizes the need for a more holistic and sustainable approach to human life on Earth, one that takes into account the needs of all living beings, not just humans.

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A researcher decides a result occurred by chance but it actually reflects a real relationship in the population. This is the correct decision (no error). Option B is the correct answer.

When a researcher rejects the null hypothesis and comes to the incorrect conclusion that the two drugs are different from one another, this is known as a type I error. If the drugs are equally effective, the researcher might not think this mistake is very serious because patients would still receive the same degree of benefits regardless of which drug they used.

A type II error, however, prevents the researcher from rejecting the null hypothesis when they need to. In other words, despite the fact that the drugs were indeed different, the researcher came to the incorrect conclusion. If the less effective drug is distributed to the general public instead of the more effective one, this mistake might be fatal.

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The complete question is, "For the description below, decide whether the researcher is committing a Type I error, a Type II error, no error (correct decision), or if there is not enough information to tell.

A researcher decides a result occurred by chance but it actually reflects a real relationship in the population.

A. Type I Error

B. This is the correct decision (no error)

C. Type II Error

D. Not enough information"

Ethnicity is a significant aspect of cultural diversity in the United States. It's an identifying feature that refers to a group of people who share common cultural traits, such as language, traditions, values, and beliefs. Ethnicity, as an aspect of cultural diversity in the US, has the following salient features:

1. Diverse Cultural Practices: There are various ethnic groups in the United States, each with its own distinct cultural practices, such as food, music, festivals, and clothing.

2. Race and Ethnicity: In the US, ethnicity is frequently intertwined with race. Many ethnic groups in the country are also classified as racial groups.

3. Multiculturalism: The US has a long history of multiculturalism, with diverse ethnic groups living together in harmony and contributing to the country's cultural landscape.

4. Acculturation: The process of cultural exchange and adaptation between different ethnic groups is known as acculturation. Acculturation is common among immigrant communities in the US.

5. Ethnic Identity: Ethnicity is a defining characteristic of a person's identity, and it plays a significant role in shaping their values, beliefs, and attitudes.

6. Discrimination and Prejudice: Ethnicity is also linked to issues of discrimination and prejudice in the US. Ethnic minorities are often subject to systemic discrimination in various areas of society, such as employment, education, and housing.

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Recall bias is associated with cases remembering information more than controls, reporting bias occurs when data collection is conducted inaccurately regardless of whether they are cases or controls, differential misclassification bias refers to the rate of misclassification differing in different study groups, and non-differential bias arises when a patient is worried about stigma and is therefore reluctant to report an exposure.

Recall bias refers to the tendency for cases (individuals with the condition of interest) to remember information more accurately or differently compared to controls (individuals without the condition). This can result in an overestimation or underestimation of the association between an exposure and a disease outcome.

Reporting bias occurs when data collection is conducted inaccurately, regardless of whether individuals are cases or controls. It can lead to biased results if there are systematic differences in how information is collected or recorded between the groups.

Differential misclassification bias refers to situations where the rate of misclassification of exposure or outcome differs between the study groups. This can distort the association between exposure and outcome, leading to inaccurate conclusions.

Non-differential bias arises when a patient is worried about stigma or other factors and is therefore reluctant to report an exposure, leading to underreporting or misclassification of exposure. This type of bias affects both cases and controls equally, potentially biasing the results towards the null hypothesis.

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The key concerns and challenges surrounding genetic information privacy in today's society include the risk of unauthorized access and misuse of sensitive genetic data.

Genetic information privacy is a growing concern due to advancements in genetic testing and the availability of personal genetic data. One key concern is the potential for unauthorized access to genetic information by malicious actors, leading to privacy breaches and the misuse of sensitive data for discriminatory purposes or identity theft.

Additionally, the use of genetic information in research, insurance, and employment decisions raises concerns about discrimination based on genetic predispositions or conditions. Ensuring the privacy and security of genetic information is a challenge due to the complex nature of genetic data, its potential linkage to identifiable individuals, and the need for robust data protection mechanisms. Balancing the benefits of genetic research and healthcare advancements with individual privacy rights is a critical challenge in today's society.

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------------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:

"What are the key concerns and challenges surrounding genetic information privacy in today's society?"-------------

Fischer and colleagues (2011) found support for the idea that people helped more when more people were present, the danger level was clear (with little interpretation), and the person was in need of physical assistance. Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.

The bystander effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a person witnesses an emergency situation and fails to intervene or offer assistance to the victim. People in groups are more likely to exhibit the bystander effect because they assume that someone else in the group will take action.

The larger the group, the less likely anyone is to help. In emergency situations, people who are alone are more likely to help than those in groups. The bystander effect is a complicated phenomenon that is still being investigated by psychologists.

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Aging is an overall concept involving changes in physical, psychological, and social aspects that occur over time.

Biological ageing involves the physical changes that take place in a person's body as they get older, and usually refers specifically to the decline in physical functioning related to the natural process of aging.

An age grade is a system used to divide people into different categories according to their age or the age of the people they associate with. Age norms generally refer to expected values, attitudes, and beliefs that are adapted depending on a person's age. They include a range of customs, roles, and behaviours that are accepted by a society at a particular stage of life. Age norms help to dictate how an individual should act depending on their age.

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The question-

How does the concept of aging differ from the concept of biological aging?

What is the difference between an age grade and an age norm?

The principle of totality emphasizes cooperation and self-sacrifice for the greater good. While it promotes collaboration, it must be balanced with individual rights and needs to avoid potential misuse.

1. Principle of totality: The ethical principle of totality refers to the subordination of an individual part or aspect of the body or personality to the good of the entire person. This principle can be applied to a person, community, society, or institution. It is a practical principle based on the belief that individuals are most effective when they operate together, but it may be considered impractical in certain situations.

2. Characteristics of the principle of totalityThe principle of totality has the following characteristics: It entails a willingness to self-sacrifice, which is at odds with self-preservation or self-interest. Individual members of the community must function together to accomplish shared objectives.

The body is an organism, and its elements are interdependent. The priority is to improve the overall welfare of the organization. The parts of the body should be directed toward the greater good of the person as a whole.

3. Examples of the principle of totality: Three examples of the principle of totality are: Amputating a cancerous limb. While amputating a limb may appear to be contrary to the best interests of the patient, it is done to save the patient's life as a whole. Removing a cancerous limb is one example of subordinating a part to the good of the individual as a whole.

Taking medication. In order to get relief from pain or sickness, a person must consume medicines. This is an instance of the whole individual's good over the good of a particular body part or organ. Taking time off from work to recover from an injury.

When an employee takes time off from work to recover from an injury, it is done in order to maintain the employee's overall productivity. This is an example of prioritizing the health of the worker, rather than the work that he or she is responsible for.

4. Story behind the principle of totalityThe principle of totality was first introduced in the Catholic Church's theology. It was argued that an individual's physical or mental parts must be subordinate to the good of the whole person. Human beings are not autonomous entities; they are part of a broader social fabric.

5. Benefits and Cons of the principle of totality: The benefits and cons of the principle of totality are listed in the table below: Benefits: ConsIt emphasizes the importance of cooperation between members of a community or institution.

It disregards the needs of individuals or individual parts of the community in the pursuit of the greater good. It encourages self-sacrifice, which is essential for the survival of the entire body. It may be misused to justify violations of human rights or the forced sacrifice of an individual or a group for the benefit of the whole.

6. Importance of the principle of totality in our society: The principle of totality is important in our society because it emphasizes the need for cooperation and collaboration between individuals. It encourages us to recognize that we are all part of a broader social fabric and that our actions have an impact on others.

This principle recognizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and that to achieve success, individuals must subordinate their own interests to the interests of the greater community.

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The concept described pertains to determining whether an individual's pay is fair relative to others in the same or similar job positions. This aligns with the notion of internal equity, which focuses on fairness within an organization.

Internal equity refers to the fairness of pay within an organization, particularly when comparing individuals who hold similar job roles or perform similar tasks. It examines whether employees' compensation is proportional and consistent based on factors such as job responsibilities, skills, experience, and performance.

The aim is to ensure that individuals who contribute equally to the organization are compensated fairly and receive comparable pay.

External equity, on the other hand, involves comparing an organization's pay practices to the external market. It assesses whether the organization's compensation structure is competitive and aligns with industry standards and market rates. External equity takes into account factors such as supply and demand for certain job roles, prevailing wage rates, and industry benchmarks.

Individual equity focuses on fairness at the individual level, considering factors specific to each employee's unique circumstances. This may include performance, qualifications, and contributions that differentiate individuals within the same job role.

Transformative equity is not a recognized term in the context of pay equity. It may refer to broader concepts related to social justice and equality but does not directly apply to the comparison of pay within a workplace setting.

In summary, the concept described aligns with internal equity, which assesses whether an individual's pay is fair relative to others in the same or similar job positions within an organization.

External equity examines market competitiveness, while individual equity considers unique circumstances. Transformative equity does not directly relate to the comparison of pay equity in this context.

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Ethnomusicology is the study of music in its cultural context, and ethnomusicologists examine various aspects of music, including sound, instruments, musicianship, and musical performances. They look at the social and cultural contexts in which music is produced and performed.

Ethnography is the process of conducting fieldwork and writing a detailed account of the social and cultural practices of a particular group or community. Ethnography can include the study of music and can help to illuminate the social and cultural context of musical practices.

In terms of Irish music and culture, the conceptualization of ethnomusicological fieldwork would involve conducting research into the musical practices of Irish people and the social and cultural contexts in which these practices are performed. This could involve attending concerts, festivals, and other musical events, as well as conducting interviews with musicians, scholars, and other experts on Irish music and culture.

The construction of an ethnography would involve writing a detailed account of the social and cultural practices of the of an ethnicity, with a particular focus on music. This could involve describing the various types of Irish music, the instruments used, the musical styles, and the ways in which music is performed and appreciated within Irish culture.

Research methodologies utilized when constructing an ethnography could include participant observation, interviews, surveys, archival research, and other methods. Key issues that might be discussed in an ethnography of Irish music and culture could include the role of music in Irish culture, the relationship between music and national identity, and the ways in which Irish music has evolved over time.

Technologies that might be utilized in an ethnography of Irish music and culture could include audio and video recording equipment, computer software for transcribing and analyzing music, and online databases for accessing archival materials and other resources.

Navigating the difficulties inherent in conducting field research can be challenging, especially in the context of a complex and multifaceted culture like Irish music and culture. Some of the challenges that might arise could include gaining access to musical events and cultural practices, dealing with language barriers, and navigating the complex relationships between musicians and other members of the Irish community.

Two ethnomusicological issues that could apply to a final project on Irish music and culture might include the role of music in religious rituals and the ways in which Irish music has been influenced by other cultures.

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The first question relates to a longitudinal research project, where a participant decides to stop participating without informing the experimenter. This situation represents the threat to validity known as selective attrition.

The second question pertains to a significant positive correlation found between income and job satisfaction in a sample of adults. The researcher cannot conclude causation based solely on this correlation and should consider the possibility of a third variable that influences both job satisfaction and income.

Selective attrition is a threat to the validity of before-after quasi-experimental designs. It occurs when participants drop out of the study in a non-random manner, potentially biasing the results. In the given scenario, the student's decision to stop participating without informing the experimenter introduces the possibility of selective attrition, as the participant's absence may be related to specific factors that could impact the study's outcomes.

In the second question, finding a significant positive correlation between income and job satisfaction does not allow for a definitive conclusion about causation. It is possible that higher income leads to greater job satisfaction (option a), or that job satisfaction leads to higher income (option b). However, there is also the possibility of a third variable that influences both job satisfaction and income (option c). Without further investigation or experimental manipulation, the researcher cannot determine the causal relationship between income and job satisfaction. Therefore, option d, which acknowledges the need for further analysis to identify the causal direction, is the most appropriate answer.

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The schedule of reinforcement for employees in a scenario where the company does not provide sufficient warning, leading to employee carelessness and disorganization at the workplace, is irregular or unpredictable.

Reinforcement refers to the use of a stimulus or consequence to increase the probability of a particular behavior occurring in the future. In this case, reinforcement is the act of providing employees with sufficient warning to enable them to perform their duties effectively. The schedule of reinforcement refers to the rate at which reinforcement is administered. It is divided into two categories: continuous and partial reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement refers to the provision of reinforcement every time the desired behavior is exhibited. Partial reinforcement refers to the provision of reinforcement after the desired behavior is exhibited intermittently. The reinforcement may be administered randomly or at specific intervals.

Irregular reinforcement or unpredictable reinforcement works because the employee is not sure when reinforcement will be administered. This increases the likelihood of the employee engaging in the desired behavior repeatedly since they are uncertain when the reinforcement will be provided.It is essential for companies to provide sufficient warning to employees to enable them to perform their duties effectively. This will lead to a decrease in carelessness and disorganization in the workplace.

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Ostracism is a process in which an individual is excluded from social groups due to their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors that do not align with the norms or standards of the group.

Here are two examples of ostracism:

Example 1: Exclusion from a Social Group

In this scenario, let's say there is a close-knit group of friends who regularly gather for social activities. One individual, Alex, has recently joined the group. However, the group members consistently exclude Alex from their plans and conversations, intentionally leaving them out.

Impact on Fundamental Needs:

a. Belongingness and Connection: Social exclusion threatens the need for belongingness and connection. Alex might feel rejected, lonely, and disconnected from others. The intentional exclusion by the group undermines their sense of social support and the feeling of being valued and accepted within the group.

b. Self-esteem and Self-worth: Ostracism can negatively impact self-esteem. Alex may start questioning their worthiness of being part of the group, leading to decreased self-confidence and feelings of inadequacy. The repeated exclusion sends the message that they are not valued or appreciated, jeopardizing their sense of self-worth.

Example 2: Workplace Exclusion

In this example, consider a workplace scenario where a team is collaborating on a project. However, one team member, Sarah, consistently feels left out of important discussions, decision-making processes, and social interactions during breaks.

Impact on Fundamental Needs:

a. Competence and Mastery: Exclusion can undermine one's sense of competence and mastery. Sarah may feel incompetent and undervalued, as they are denied opportunities to contribute their skills and expertise to the team. The lack of involvement in critical discussions and decision-making can hinder their professional growth and development.

b. Autonomy and Control: Ostracism can threaten an individual's sense of autonomy and control. Sarah might feel disempowered and as if they have no influence or control over the project's direction. The exclusion limits their ability to actively participate, voice their opinions, and contribute to the team's objectives, undermining their sense of autonomy.

It is important to note that ostracism can have severe psychological and emotional consequences, including feelings of anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal. It is a form of social punishment that can profoundly impact an individual's overall well-being and mental health.

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The writer uses a point-by-point compare and contrast method in the above excerpt. The usage of this method helps the writer to emphasize the idea he wants to reveal by presenting a detailed analysis of the similarities and differences between mountains and beaches.

The point-by-point compare and contrast method is a way of organizing and presenting information by discussing the similarities and differences between two or more subjects. The writer compares and contrasts the climate, types of activities, and location of mountains and beaches, providing specific examples and evidence to support his points.

For example, he states that while the beach offers activities like swimming and sunbathing, the mountain offers activities like skiing and mountain biking. Additionally, he discusses how the climate of each location can impact the types of activities available to tourists.

In using this method, the writer is able to provide a thorough analysis of the differences and similarities between mountains and beaches. This helps to emphasize the idea that while both types of vacation destinations offer a variety of fun activities, they are very different in terms of climate, location, and types of activities available. By providing specific examples and evidence to support his points, the writer is able to make a strong case for why people should choose one destination over the other based on their personal preferences and interests.

Overall, the writer's use of the Point-to-point compare and contrast method effectively helps emphasize the idea that the mountains and beaches are distinct and provide different vacation experiences, allowing readers to understand the unique characteristics of each location.

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The Group Theatre, founded in 1931, revolutionized American theater by introducing method acting and emphasizing ensemble work, leaving a lasting impact on acting, theater, and film in the United States.

Topic: Briefly describe and explain the impact that the Group Theatre had on acting, theatre, and film in the United States.

The Group Theatre, founded in 1931, was a groundbreaking theater company in the United States that had a significant impact on acting, theater, and film. The company was formed by a collective of artists, including Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and Harold Clurman, with the aim of creating socially relevant and politically engaged theater.

The Group Theatre introduced the concept of "method acting" to American theater, emphasizing psychological realism and emotional authenticity in performances. Drawing inspiration from the teachings of Konstantin Stanislavski, the Group Theatre's actors delved deeply into character analysis, sensory recall, and emotional memory to create truthful and nuanced portrayals on stage.

Their approach to theater also focused on ensemble work, where actors collaborated closely and developed a deep understanding of each other's characters and motivations. This emphasis on ensemble acting and the exploration of emotional truth revolutionized the American theater scene, influencing generations of actors and theater practitioners.

The Group Theatre's impact extended beyond the stage and into the world of film. Many of its members, such as Lee Strasberg and Stella Adler, went on to become influential acting teachers in Hollywood, imparting the principles of method acting to future generations of actors. This method of acting, with its emphasis on psychological realism, continues to shape the acting techniques used in film and television today.

In conclusion, the Group Theatre's innovative approach to acting, ensemble work, and socially relevant storytelling had a profound and lasting impact on the American theater and film industries. Their contributions helped shape the development of realistic acting techniques and paved the way for a more nuanced and psychologically rich approach to performance.

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The complete question is: Questions for Realism and Departures

You will choose one topic from the list below and write a three to five paragraph summary. You will need to do some research. Add a photo (and a personal reaction) if you would like. If there is nothing in the list of postings that appeals to you, contact me with your ideas for an additional topic and I will make it happen. If you are quoting from some source somewhere, make sure to include a "Sources Cited" page or something to that effect.

Here are some topics...

1. Briefly describe and explain the life and times of Henrik Ibsen.

2. Briefly describe and explain Anton Chekov’s impact on Russian literature.

3. Briefly describe and explain the impact that the Group Theatre had on acting, theatre and film here in the United States.

4. If Eugene O’Neill died in 1953, how was he able to publish a play in 1957?

5. Can naturalism even truly be done on a stage for theatre? Defend your opinion.

6. Symbolism and Expressionism had an impact on early cinema. Briefly describe and explain any of the classic early expressionistic films.

7. Summarize any one of Bertolt Brecht’s plays and explain what the source material is for the play and how that play has been traditionally staged. (This isn’t as hard as it sounds…)

8. Summarize any one of Eugene O'Neill's plays (except Long Days Journey Into Night) and discuss the critical reaction to the initial productions.

9. Someone please try to explain to me what the hell The Theatre of Cruelty was all about...

As an astronaut on the moon, you would see the hammering but not hear any sound because the moon has no atmosphere. Option d is the correct answer.

The moon's lack of atmosphere means that there is no medium for sound waves to travel through. Sound waves require a medium, such as air or water, to propagate and reach our ears. Since the moon has no air or atmosphere, there is no medium for sound waves to travel through, resulting in a complete absence of sound. Therefore, even if the other astronaut is hammering moon rocks, you would not hear any sound.

However, you would be able to see the hammering because light waves behave differently than sound waves. Light waves can travel through the vacuum of space and reach our eyes, allowing us to see objects and their movements. Therefore, despite the absence of sound, you would still be able to visually perceive the hammering action of the other astronaut on the moon's surface.

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The response that best supports the conclusion that people are largely rational beings who are logical and act in accordance with their personal attitudes, beliefs, or values is the theory of planned behavior.

This theory suggests that individuals engage in rational decision-making by considering their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control when deciding whether to engage in a particular behavior. It posits that people are driven by their intentions, which are influenced by their beliefs, and they act accordingly. This perspective acknowledges that individuals are capable of logical reasoning and aligning their actions with their personal values and beliefs.

On the other hand, Milgram's study and the Stanford Prison Study focus more on the influence of situational factors on behavior rather than emphasizing the rationality and alignment of actions with personal attitudes, beliefs, or values.

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Robert is using the biological approach to determine what behaviors are associated with dishonesty. This is because he is using the polygraph machine to measure participants' heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, which are all related to the nervous system response.

The biological approach examines the physiological mechanisms that underlie human and animal behavior. This approach is also referred to as the physiological approach. According to this approach, everything that is psychological is simultaneously biological.

Therefore, the things we do and feel have a biological basis, and behavior is influenced by the nervous system's activity. Respiration is one of the measurements taken by Robert to determine what behaviors are associated with dishonesty. It refers to the process of inhaling and exhaling air in order to provide the body with oxygen. The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen to function properly. If the brain does not get enough oxygen, it can cause confusion, dizziness, and other health problems.

In conclusion, Robert is using the biological approach, and he is measuring participants' respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate to determine what behaviors are associated with dishonesty.

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Human rights and humanitarian policies are seen as a form of soft power.

Some Americans believe that America's human rights and humanitarian policies are a form of soft power. Soft power refers to the ability of a country to influence others through attraction, persuasion, and moral authority rather than through military or economic coercion. In this context, the belief is that by promoting and upholding human rights and engaging in humanitarian efforts, the United States can win the favor of other nations, demonstrate its values and principles, and build positive relationships based on shared values and common interests.

It is seen as a way to project a positive image of the United States, gain credibility, and enhance its global reputation. By championing human rights and assisting those in need, the belief is that the United States can effectively advance its interests, promote stability, and foster cooperation with other nations.

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4. Hull’s principles of learning characterize classroom procedures designed to maximize the effect of each reinforcer, minimize its aftereffects, Hull's principles can be applied to a wide variety of classroom procedures, and specific procedures would vary depending on the content being taught.

5. According to Hull’s theory, low-anxious students are expected to learn faster as they are not experiencing interference in learning because of their anxiety.

6. Skinner would disagree with Hull on the role of motivation in learning. According to Skinner, the consequence of a behavior is the key motivator, while for Hull, the drive or need behind a behavior is the key motivator. The two would closely agree on the role of reinforcement in learning.

7. Hull means that psychological phenomena such as emotion, perception, and thinking can be explained by the relationship between the general drive level and the specific drive level.

8. In Hull’s theory, chaining is a process of reinforcing a series of connections between behaviors to form a new habit. It involves reinforcing a sequence of responses to make them a single habit.

9. A habit family hierarchy is a classification system that arranges behavior patterns from specific to general. It categorizes behaviors according to their degree of specificity or generality.

4. Hull’s principles of learning are grounded in his theory of behaviorism. They emphasize the importance of reinforcement and reducing interference in the learning process. Classroom procedures that are designed in accordance with Hull's principles of learning would aim to provide frequent and appropriate reinforcers, and minimize their aftereffects. Specific examples of such procedures would depend on the content being taught.

5. According to Hull, anxiety and learning are inversely related. Anxiety creates interference, which slows down the learning process. Therefore, low-anxious students are expected to learn faster as they are not experiencing interference in learning because of their anxiety.

6. Skinner disagreed with Hull's theory of motivation. According to Skinner, the consequence of a behavior is the key motivator, while Hull believed that the drive or need behind a behavior is the key motivator. Skinner believed in positive reinforcement, whereas Hull believed in the reduction of aversive stimuli. Hull and Skinner would closely agree on the role of reinforcement in learning.

7. Hull believes that psychological phenomena such as emotion, perception, and thinking can be explained by the relationship between the general drive level and the specific drive level. Hull's theory posits that the rG-sG mechanism forms the basis of learning.

8. Chaining is a process of reinforcing a series of connections between behaviors to form a new habit. Hull believed that by reinforcing a sequence of responses to make them a single habit, the learning process could be facilitated.

9. A habit family hierarchy is a classification system that arranges behavior patterns from specific to general. It categorizes behaviors according to their degree of specificity or generality, with the most specific behaviors at the bottom and the most general behaviors at the top. This hierarchy helps to understand how complex behaviors are formed from simpler ones.

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By following the steps of reporting, analyzing, documenting, implementing corrective actions, reviewing effectiveness, and sharing lessons learned, organizations can foster a culture of continuous improvement and prevent future incidents.

Incidents such as accidents, errors, and near misses are inevitable, and organizations must learn from them to avoid future recurrence and develop a better understanding of the potential risks. The following are the steps for identifying and acting on lessons learned from incidents that occur.

1. Reporting and Analysis: Incidents must be reported, investigated, and analyzed to identify the root causes. The investigation should be conducted in such a way that all the facts surrounding the incident are analyzed, such as what went wrong, how it occurred, and why it occurred.

2. Documentation: Documentation of the incident should be recorded, and the analysis report should be documented for future reference. This report will assist in identifying trends and potential areas of improvement.

3. Identifying and Implementing Corrective Actions: Based on the analysis and documentation, corrective actions must be identified and implemented to prevent recurrence. Corrective action must be taken promptly to address the root causes of the incident.

4. Reviewing and Monitoring the Effectiveness of Corrective Actions: Once corrective actions have been implemented, the effectiveness of the actions must be reviewed and monitored regularly to ensure that they are working as intended. A system for measuring and monitoring progress toward the goal of preventing recurrence must be established.

5. Sharing Lessons Learned: Finally, lessons learned from the incidents should be shared with the relevant stakeholders to prevent future recurrence. The feedback received should be analyzed and incorporated into the improvement process. Sharing lessons learned will help create a culture of continuous improvement.

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Socialization in the digital age has undergone significant changes compared to traditional forms of social interaction. The widespread use of digital technologies, social media platforms, and online communication tools has transformed how people connect and interact with one another. The digital age has created new avenues for socialization, enabling individuals to engage with a broader network of people across geographical boundaries. It has also introduced new forms of communication, such as instant messaging, video calls, and social media interactions, which have become integral to socialization in the digital era.

In the digital age, socialization has become more accessible, convenient, and interconnected. Digital platforms provide opportunities for individuals to engage in virtual communities, share experiences, and express themselves. Social media platforms allow people to connect with others who share similar interests, forming online communities and fostering social interactions. Online gaming, virtual reality, and other digital environments have also facilitated socialization by enabling individuals to interact and collaborate in immersive digital spaces.

The distinction between "digital natives" and "digital immigrants," is a concept that suggests differences in technological proficiency and familiarity between individuals who have grown up in the digital age (digital natives) and those who have adapted to digital technologies later in life (digital immigrants). While there may be variations in digital literacy and comfort with technology, it is important to note that the digital landscape is constantly evolving, and individuals can acquire digital skills and adapt to new technologies at any age. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to view digital proficiency as a continuum rather than drawing strict boundaries between these two groups.

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The regression results for the control variables and parenting attitudes and behaviors as predictors of conservatism at age 18 years are as follows:

Child's gender, child's ethnicity, cognitive skills at 54 months, and socioeconomic status at 54 months were not significant predictors of conservatism at age 18 years.

Authoritarian parenting attitudes at 1 month and egalitarian parenting attitudes at 1 month were significant predictors of conservatism at age 18 years. The regression coefficient for authoritarian parenting attitudes at 1 month was 0.05 (SE = 0.01, p < .01) and for egalitarian parenting attitudes at 1 month was -0.04 (SE = 0.01, p < .01).

The inclusion of the focal predictors led to a significant increase in R² (from 0.10 to 0.26, p < .01). The R² for the overall model was 0.26 (p < .01). The control variables did not make a significant contribution to the model.

In summary, the regression results show that authoritarian and egalitarian parenting attitudes and behaviors during the first month of life are significant predictors of conservatism at age 18 years. However, other control variables such as child's gender, ethnicity, cognitive skills, and socioeconomic status were not significant predictors.

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Buddhism's significance and potential growth stem from its adaptability, mindfulness, and preservation of Hindu concepts like karma and samsara, alongside unique teachings and practices.

Buddhism holds a significant place in the world today as one of the major religions, promoting peace, mindfulness, and personal enlightenment. Its popularity may continue to grow due to its adaptable nature, compatibility with modern values, and appeal to individuals seeking spiritual fulfillment outside traditional religious frameworks. Additionally, Buddhism's emphasis on meditation and mindfulness aligns with the increasing interest in mental well-being and self-discovery.

As Buddhism originated in a Hindu culture, it preserves some key features of Hinduism while also introducing distinct principles. One significant feature it retains is the concept of karma, the law of cause and effect. Both religions acknowledge the influence of actions on future outcomes. Additionally, Buddhism shares the notion of samsara, the cycle of birth and death, with Hinduism. However, Buddhism differs by rejecting the caste system and the belief in an eternal soul (atman).

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Yes, an organization needs to cap the number of hours a volunteer should be working to avoid overworking the person. An organization is an entity made up of people working together for a common goal or objective. The people of an organization are frequently referred to as employees.

Non-profits, businesses, and governments are among the different types of organizations that exist. These organizations use various strategies to achieve their objectives, including hiring staff, fundraising, and volunteer work.Volunteers are people who provide services or support to an organization without receiving payment. Volunteers are frequently involved in non-profit organizations, where they may perform a wide range of activities, such as fundraising, event preparation, and assisting with daily operations.

To avoid these negative consequences, it is important for organizations to cap the number of hours that volunteers work. Depending on the organization's specific needs, this may include limiting the number of hours per week or per month that a volunteer can work. By doing so, the organization can ensure that volunteers are well-rested, energized, and focused, which can lead to improved productivity, engagement, and overall satisfaction.

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The percentage of girls who will become pregnant before the age of 20 in the United States is approximately 20%. Therefore, the correct answer is Option A: 20%.

According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the teen birth rate in the United States has been declining over the years. In 2019, the birth rate for females aged 15-19 was 16.4 births per 1,000 girls. This translates to approximately 1.64% of teenage girls giving birth in that year.

While the data specifically refers to births rather than pregnancies, it provides a reasonable estimate of the percentage of girls who become pregnant before the age of 20. It's important to note that not all pregnancies in teenage girls result in live births.

Some pregnancies end in miscarriage or are terminated through abortion. Additionally, the rate of teenage pregnancies can vary across different demographic groups and geographic regions within the United States.

Factors such as socioeconomic status, education, access to healthcare, and cultural norms can influence the likelihood of teenage pregnancy. However, based on the available data, the approximate percentage of girls who become pregnant before the age of 20 in the United States is around 20%.

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The question was incomplete. Here's the complete question:

What percentage of girls will become pregnant before the age of 20 in the United States? Option A: 20 % Option B: 40 %  Option C: 50 % Option D: 55 %

The correct option is b. Ali may experience symptoms of cataplexy or sudden loss of muscle tone, which make the operation of a car or other machinery very dangerous for the individual with narcolepsy.

In this situation, the symptom of cataplexy poses a significant danger to Ali. Cataplexy is a common symptom of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks. During a cataplectic episode, individuals with narcolepsy experience a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness or complete paralysis of the muscles. This can be triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, surprise, or anger.

If Ali experiences cataplexy while operating a car or machinery, the sudden loss of muscle control could result in a loss of control over the vehicle or equipment. This poses a serious risk not only to Ali but also to others around him. It can lead to accidents, injuries, or even fatalities. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with narcolepsy and cataplexy to be aware of their condition, manage their symptoms effectively, and take necessary precautions to ensure their safety and the safety of others in potentially hazardous situations.

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