since the mid-1920s, which incorporation approach has most u.s. supreme court justices in determining whether the bill of rights applies to the states in protecting the public? a. total plus b. total c. selective d. case-by-case

All of the above statement are true.

Rioting and routing require two or more people to accomplish, while incitement to riot only requires one person. Unlawful assembly requires two or more people, and magistrates or police officers who fail to disperse rioters may be violating the law.

Rioting and routing both require two or more people to coordinate their actions and work together to achieve their goals. Incitement to riot only requires one person to encourage others to engage in illegal activity.

Unlawful assembly requires two or more people to come together with the intent of committing a crime or disturbing the peace. Magistrates or police officers who fail to disperse rioters may be in violation of the law, as it is their duty to maintain order and peace in a given area.

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Judge Johnson is likely to favor leniency when sentencing the defendant in this case. Given his view that drug abuse is a sickness and a public health issue, he would likely opt for a more lenient sentencing, such as probation or community service, instead of harsher penalties such as incarceration. This could allow the defendant to get the help they need and potentially prevent future criminal activity.

Judge Johnson is also known for his extreme conservative views on crimes of violence. While this case does not involve violence, his past decisions demonstrate his preference for punishments that focus on rehabilitation rather than retribution.  The judge could also take into account the defendant’s circumstances, such as any underlying mental health issues, and attempt to craft a sentence that is tailored to the individual.

He is likely to favor a sentence for the defendant that focuses on helping them find a path away from crime.

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The legal system in the United States is based on common law.

Common law is a type of law that is created from past court decisions and rulings, as opposed to statutes or regulations set forth by legislatures or executive branches.

It is significant that judges have the power to determine the meaning of the Constitution and void acts of Congress and the President, because it illustrates the reliance of the United States on common law to interpret and shape the law.

This type of law emphasizes judicial precedent, which is the principle of determining cases based on previously decided cases, and is a core aspect of the U.S. legal system.

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In 1908, Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president because he had promised not to run again in 1904. Therefore, the correct option is C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again.

In 1904, Roosevelt had won re-election as President. Before his second term, he announced he would not run for another term as President. Therefore, in 1908, Roosevelt kept his word and did not run for another term as President. He instead supported his Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, who was ultimately elected President.

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The correct option is: The Federal Housing Administration's qualifying standards for a mortgage loan are less strict than those of traditional lenders.

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The Model Penal Code comes from the American Law Institute, an independent group of scholars, judges, and lawyers, and a widespread desire to reform the historical common law.

It is not directly related to international legal bodies surrounding criminal law reform or a string of key U.S. Supreme Court cases in the 1960s.

The Model Penal Code (or MPC) is just a model code developed by the American Legal Institute and published in 1962. Having followed the promulgation of the MPC, many states' criminal codes having undergone significant reforms, and many states' criminal codes were always based on the MPC.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The best statement of the test applied in determining if a defendant was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries is:

"Proximate cause is established when the defendant's conduct was a substantial factor in causing the plaintiff's harm, and when the harm was a foreseeable consequence of the defendant's conduct."

This statement encapsulates the two main elements of proximate cause: causation and foreseeability. Causation requires that the defendant's actions were a substantial factor in causing the harm suffered by the plaintiff, while foreseeability requires that the harm suffered by the plaintiff was a foreseeable consequence of the defendant's conduct.

Together, these elements help to establish whether the defendant's conduct was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.

The best statement of the test applied in determining if a defendant was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries is the "but-for" test. This test determines whether, "but for" the defendant's actions, the plaintiff's injuries would not have occurred.

The "but-for" test is a legal standard used to determine whether a defendant's actions caused the plaintiff's injuries. To satisfy the test, it must be established that, "but for" the defendant's actions, the plaintiff's injuries would not have occurred. In other words, the defendant's actions must be the direct, proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries. This is often established by proving that the plaintiff's injuries were reasonably foreseeable to the defendant at the time of their actions. This standard must be met in order for a plaintiff to successfully recover damages from a defendant. Overall, the "but-for" test is an essential standard used to determine if a defendant is responsible for a plaintiff's injuries.

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The officers are immune from prosecution for criminal trespass at 123 Elm Street due to qualified immunity.

Qualified immunity shields police officers from criminal and civil liability when they are carrying out their duties, provided they did not act in a way that was clearly unlawful.

In this case, the officers were executing a search warrant, which is a lawful activity, and their mistake of entering the wrong address does not override this immunity.

Qualified immunity allows police officers to carry out their duties without the fear of being prosecuted for making small errors.

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The best defense against a life of crime for the child is the mother's intense care for him or her. Good parental relationships will considerably reduce the likelihood that the child will engage in violent behavior.

The media's involvement in preventing crime includes monitoring the police force, highlighting instances of abuse and corruption, and reporting on the effectiveness of the legal system and prejudice against persons and organizations, among other things.

According to research, inadequate surveillance, strict discipline, and a lack of parental attachment are the major contributors to a child's delinquent behavior. These are family basic circumstances and family social processes.

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A Day Reporting Center is a type of nonresidential, outpatient program based on a three-phase levels system where offenders report for a variety of treatment programs and random drug testing.

Day Reporting Centers are facilities where offenders report for a variety of treatment programs and random drug testing. It is a form of a non-residential, outpatient program that is structured and disciplined, similar to a boot camp, but less punitive.

In the United States, Day Reporting Centers (DRCs) have been used in recent years as an alternative to imprisonment for non-violent offenders, including drug addicts and alcoholics, as well as those convicted of property and other non-violent crimes.

The facilities are structured in a way that helps offenders develop personal responsibility and other important life skills, such as education, job readiness, and communication.  These centers have been considered an effective tool for the reduction of recidivism.

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The correct statement among the choices provided is "The U.S. Court of Federal Claims is considered to be a higher authority than the U.S. Tax Court."

This is true because the U.S. Court of Federal Claims has the power to hear claims filed by taxpayers against the U.S. government related to tax and other matters. The court has jurisdiction over cases related to federal tax refunds, government contracts, and other matters. It is considered a higher authority than the U.S. Tax Court, which is a trial court with limited jurisdiction over tax cases.

In addition, it is important to note that the Supreme Court, along with the IRC, represents the highest tax-specific authorities in tax law. These two entities establish tax law that is interpreted by other authorities. The Supreme Court is the final authority in the country, and its decisions are binding on all lower courts.

The Internal Revenue Code, on the other hand, is a federal law that outlines how the tax system works and provides the rules and regulations that govern the administration of the tax system.

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Answer:

The way they work

Explanation:

In my opinion in tv shows in crime directors always make there be a challenge either between the detective or criminal,but they also allow you to put a criminal point of view so it gives a insight on how the people may be thinking.

In the context of categories of impression evidence, the salient feature of surface impressions is that they are created by an object leaving an impression on a surface.

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The "pains of confinement" have long been a topic of interest in prison sociology. This article revisits the subject, arguing that contemporary criminal procedures have produced certain brand-new burdens and annoyances.

What is punishment strategy and mass incarceration?

It states that there are three categories into which the pains of imprisonment can be conceptually and somewhat historically subdivided: those resulting from the inherent characteristics of incarceration, those brought on by willful misconduct and duty neglect, and those brought on by systemic policies and institutional practices.

After thoroughly describing the latter, with an emphasis on the difficulties of indeterminacy, psychiatric evaluation, and self-government, the paper illustrates how the concepts of "tightness," "depth," and "weight" apply to the modern jail experience. That is a shortened way of saying that the United States imprisons more people than any other country in the world, including China. Also, the U.S. leads the world in terms of the number of prisoners. That are distinct from earlier pains in terms of their origins, characteristics, and outcomes.

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Answer: Hope this helps.

Explanation:

State Authority Occupational Crime refers to illegal activities committed by individuals in positions of authority in government or state organizations, using their power for personal gain or to benefit the organization they work for. An example of a State Authority Occupational Crime would be an elected official embezzling public funds for personal use, a police officer accepting bribes to overlook criminal activities, or a public official awarding contracts to companies in exchange for personal favors or kickbacks. Another example would be a public official using their influence to influence government policies or regulations to benefit a particular business or industry in which they have a financial interest.

Money laundering is an example of State Authority Occupational crime.

State authority occupational crimes are crimes that happen when someone uses the power that has been legitimately granted to them by someone with the ability to execute the law or to order others to commit the crime. These crimes are often referred to as white-collar crimes.

Money laundering is the practice of fraudulently disguising the source of funds earned via unlawful activities such as the sale of illegal drugs, corruption, embezzlement, or gambling by rerouting them through a legitimate source.

Hence, Money laundering is an example of State Authority Occupational Crime.

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Explanation:

The New York Times Co. v. United States case, commonly known as the "Pentagon Papers case," was a legal dispute that arose in 1971 between the United States government and several major newspapers, including The New York Times, over the publication of classified documents related to the Vietnam War.

In 1967, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara commissioned a top-secret study on the U.S. government's decision-making process during the Vietnam War. The study, which became known as the "Pentagon Papers," consisted of a 7,000-page report that detailed the U.S. government's involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg, a former government employee who had worked on the study, leaked portions of it to The New York Times and other newspapers.

The government argued that the publication of the classified documents would harm national security and requested that The New York Times and other newspapers cease publication of the materials. The newspapers argued that the First Amendment protected their right to publish the materials in the public interest.

The case eventually reached the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the newspapers in a 6-3 decision. The Court held that the government had not met the heavy burden of proving that the publication of the materials would result in "direct, immediate, and irreparable" harm to national security. The Court further noted that the government's argument for prior restraint on the publication of the materials was unconstitutional, as it would amount to an impermissible abridgment of the freedom of the press.

The decision in the New York Times Co. v. United States case was a landmark victory for press freedom and the First Amendment, affirming the important role that the press plays in holding the government accountable to the public. The case set a precedent for future cases involving the publication of classified materials and established a high bar for the government to meet in order to justify prior restraint on the press.

Answer:

Explanation:

To ensure a smooth transfer, the outgoing Incident Command should provide a "transfer of command briefing" to the new Incident Command. This briefing should include all relevant information about the incident, including the current status, objectives, and action plans, as well as any important documentation or records. The briefing should also cover any issues or concerns that the outgoing Incident Command faced during their tenure and provide recommendations for the incoming Incident Command. This transfer of command briefing is critical to ensure that the new Incident Command has a complete understanding of the incident and can effectively take over command responsibilities without any interruption to the response effort.

Under Texas law, defenses take a variety of forms. A type of defense that the prosecutor must disprove in establishing the elements of the crime is known as an affirmative defense.

This means that the defendant's guilt is established when the prosecutor proves beyond a reasonable doubt all the elements of the crime. The defendant must then provide evidence to support the affirmative defense.

The jury must then determine if the defendant's evidence proves their defense by a preponderance of the evidence, which is a lower standard than the prosecutor's beyond a reasonable doubt standard.

An example of an affirmative defense is self-defense. A defendant can claim that their use of force was necessary to defend themselves against harm, and the prosecutor must disprove this to establish the defendant's guilt.

Texas law defenses can be grouped into two main categories: those that negate an element of the crime, and those that are affirmative defenses. Defenses that negate an element of the crime will result in the defendant's acquittal if the prosecutor fails to prove all the elements beyond a reasonable doubt.

For example, if the defendant can prove that they did not have the requisite intent to commit the crime, then the prosecutor cannot establish the guilt of the defendant.

Another example of a negation defense is alibi. If the defendant can provide an alibi for their where abouts at the time of the crime, then the prosecutor must disprove this to establish the defendant's guilt.

In summary, affirmative defenses require the defendant to provide evidence to support their defense, while defenses that negate an element of the crime result in the defendant's acquittal if the prosecutor cannot prove all the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The conduct on the part of the plaintiff which falls below the standard to which he should conform for his own protection and which cooperates with the negligence of the defendant in bringing about the plaintiff's harm is called "contributory negligence."

Contributory negligence is a defense in tort law, which allows a defendant to avoid liability for a plaintiff's injury or damages if the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to the harm. In other words, if the plaintiff's own actions or failure to act were a significant factor in causing or contributing to their own injury, the defendant may argue that the plaintiff was partly to blame and therefore not entitled to recover damages from the defendant.

Not all states recognize contributory negligence as a complete bar to recovery, and some states have modified the doctrine to allow for comparative negligence or comparative fault. Under comparative negligence, the plaintiff's recovery is reduced by their percentage of fault, while under pure comparative negligence, the plaintiff can recover even if they are found to be more than 50% at fault for their own injury.

Conduct on the part of the plaintiff which falls below the standard to which he should conform for his own protection and which cooperates with the negligence of the defendant in bringing about the plaintiff's harm is called contributory negligence.

Contributory negligence is when the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to their own harm, and cooperated with the defendant's negligence to cause the harm.

In other words, the plaintiff's conduct fell below the standard that should have been conformed for their own protection.

Contributory negligence is often a defense used by defendants to avoid being found liable for the plaintiff's harm. To be successful, the defendant must show that the plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care for their own safety, and that this failure to exercise reasonable care resulted in the plaintiff's harm.

If contributory negligence is found to be a factor, then the plaintiff's damages may be reduced or barred altogether. Thus, it is important for the plaintiff to exercise reasonable care for their own safety in order to avoid being found contributorily negligent.

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Graduated sanctions most often utilized by community services officers do NOT include is Warnings/admonishments. The correct answer is D.

Graduated sanctions - Graduated sanctions refer to a series of penalties that increase in severity with the degree of noncompliance. Graduated sanctions are essential in community corrections since they help in reducing the costs of incarcerating offenders by providing appropriate community-based alternatives. Moreover, graduated sanctions act as a deterrent mechanism by making it clear to the offenders that noncompliance comes with a consequence.

Community services officers - Most community corrections programs utilize graduated sanctions to regulate offender behavior. The primary role of community services officers is to supervise and ensure the enforcement of the conditions of community supervision. Community service officers are expected to work closely with probation and parole officers and provide a range of services, including counseling, referral to specialized services, and drug testing. They also have the mandate to impose graduated sanctions when offenders violate their supervision conditions.

In conclusion, community services officers most often use graduated sanctions in regulating offender behavior. Warnings/admonishments are NOT included in the graduated sanctions utilized by community services officers.

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The excuses found in the Texas Penal Code that require the defendant to prove their excuse by the preponderance of the evidence are known as affirmative defenses.

This means that the accused must prove their defense is true in order to gain an acquittal at trial. To meet this burden of proof, the accused must present evidence that supports their claim that they acted in accordance with the statutory excuse.

This evidence could include expert testimony, documentary evidence, or witness testimony. By presenting this evidence, the accused is attempting to show that it is more likely than not that the statutory excuse is true.

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Burglary is defined as a forced entry into or exit from an insured's property with the purpose of stealing the insured's property. Forced entry or exit must be clearly visible.

Indemnity, A common legal rule relating to insurance that states that the person receiving benefits under an insurance policy should be put back in roughly the same financial situation as before the loss.

These forms are preferred because under a "loss discovered" form, regardless of when the act or loss occurred, coverage is applied to losses that are discovered during the policy period. • When a loss is really experienced, coverage is applied using a "loss sustained" form.

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The complete question is below:-

A loss that occurs when an individual breaks into a safe and leaves visible signs of forcible entry best describes

a. Burglary

b. Robbery

c. Mysterious disappearance

d. Larceny

When more actors become subjects and agents of international law, the development of global governance is eventually possible.

Global governance refers to the institutions, rules, norms, and processes that manage the interconnected global problems and promote collective action to address them. The rise of globalization and the increasing interdependence among states have made global governance more important than ever before.

Globalization has challenged the traditional concept of sovereignty and state-centered international law. The rise of non-state actors such as multinational corporations, international organizations, NGOs, and individuals have increased the complexity and diversity of global governance.

The traditional legal framework is no longer sufficient to address the transnational problems such as climate change, terrorism, human rights, public health, and cybersecurity. Therefore, the development of global governance has become a pressing need in the contemporary world.

More actors become subjects and agents of international law means that the scope and depth of global governance are expanding. It implies that more actors are participating in the creation and implementation of global norms and standards. It also means that more actors are being held accountable for their actions in the global arena. As a result, the legitimacy and effectiveness of global governance are enhanced.

However, the development of global governance is not without challenges. The diversity of actors and interests can lead to conflicts and power struggles. The lack of democratic accountability and transparency can also undermine the legitimacy of global governance. Therefore, the development of global governance requires a balance between inclusiveness and effectiveness, and between legitimacy and accountability.

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Answer:

Expenditure approach to calculate GDP.

Explanation:

The terms represent the components of the expenditure approach used in calculating a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The expenditure approach sums up the total amount spent on goods and services produced within the country during a given period, typically a year.

The components of GDP using the expenditure approach are:

Consumption (C): the total spending by households on goods and services during the period.

Government spending (G): the total spending by the government on goods and services during the period.

Investment (I): the total spending on new capital equipment, buildings, and inventory by firms during the period.

Net Exports (NX): the difference between the value of exports and imports during the period.

The residual item in the expenditure approach is the difference between the total output (GDP) and the sum of the three components (C + G + I), which represents the net exports (NX).

So, the method used is the Expenditure approach to calculate GDP.

Answer:

d. the constitution breaks the power of the government up into 3 branches is an example of limited government, as it establishes checks and balances between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

if children are taught in their mother tongue since primary levels they will have difficulty in communication to people in different countries due to language barrier. Here are some potential points for disagreeing with the statement are listed below:

Learning in one's mother tongue can actually facilitate the acquisition of other languages. When children learn to read and write in their mother tongue, they develop strong foundational skills that can be applied to other languages as well. This can make it easier for them to learn additional languages later on, even if those languages are not related to their mother tongue.

In many multilingual societies, knowing multiple languages is actually an asset rather than a hindrance. If children are taught in their mother tongue but also given opportunities to learn other languages, they may be better equipped to navigate different linguistic contexts and communicate with people from diverse backgrounds.

The idea that learning in one's mother tongue will lead to difficulties in communication with people from different countries assumes that all people from a given country speak the same language. However, this is not necessarily true, even within a single country. Learning in one's mother tongue may actually be an effective way of preparing children to communicate with others in their own country, even if they speak different languages.

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Answer:

Explanation:

It is not possible to answer this question without more specific information about the case in question.

Personal jurisdiction refers to the court's authority to exercise power over a particular individual or entity, such as the defendant in a lawsuit. It is based on a variety of factors, such as the defendant's presence or contacts within the jurisdiction, and is distinct from jurisdiction over property.

Jurisdiction over property, also known as in rem jurisdiction, refers to a court's authority to adjudicate disputes over specific property, regardless of who owns or possesses that property. In rem jurisdiction can be based on a variety of factors, such as the location of the property or the source of a particular claim.

Whether or not the court in the case in question had jurisdiction over property located within its boundaries would depend on the specific facts of the case and the basis for the court's jurisdiction. Without further information, it is impossible to say whether the court had jurisdiction over property as well as over the individuals involved in the case.

Under the Uniform Securities Act, a sole proprietor who provides advice for compensation about fixed income annuity contracts must register as an investment adviser. The correct option is B) must register as an investment adviser.

The Uniform Securities Act is a model legislation that aims to regulate the sale of securities and protect investors from fraud. It has been adopted in some form by many U.S. states to regulate the securities industry. In this act, an investment adviser is defined as a person who, for compensation, provides advice on the value of securities, the advisability of investing in securities, or the purchase or sale of securities.

A fixed income annuity contract is a financial product that provides a series of payments at regular intervals, typically for retirement purposes. Advising clients on these contracts would fall under the realm of an investment adviser, as it involves providing advice on the value and advisability of investing in securities.

A sole proprietor providing such advice must register as an investment adviser to comply with the requirements of the Uniform Securities Act. This registration process involves submitting an application and providing required documentation to the appropriate regulatory authority. Additionally, investment advisers are typically subject to examinations and must follow compliance and record-keeping rules to ensure the protection of their clients' interests.

In contrast, agents, broker-dealers, and those who need not register under the act have different roles and requirements. Agents represent broker-dealers or issuers in the sale of securities, broker-dealers are firms that engage in securities transactions for clients or their own account, and those who need not register usually don't offer services related to securities for compensation. Therefore The correct option is B) must register as an investment adviser.

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The tort of contract interference is an intentional tort.

A tort of contract interference occurs when one party induces or persuades another party to breach a contract they have with a third party without just cause. This tort can take many forms, including enticing the breach of an employment contract, making a defamatory statement about a person's business to a customer or client, and interfering with the completion of a construction project by persuading a contractor not to perform their obligations.

The tort of contract interference is an intentional tort because it involves the deliberate act of persuading another party to breach a contract. This is in contrast to unintentional torts, which occur when harm is caused to another party without intent, such as in cases of negligence or strict liability.

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Although the Posse Comitatus Act limits the federal government's authority to use the military to enforce domestic policies, there are exceptions that can be made to the rule.

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